Acid-Base Homeostasis
Chapter 52 Acid-Base Homeostasis Key Points Acid-Base Regulation 1. Relative constancy of the body’s pH is essential because metabolism requires enzymes that operate at an optimal pH. 2. Hydrogen ion concentration is…
PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
The Heart as a Pump
Chapter 21 The Heart as a Pump Key Points 1. Each heartbeat consists of ventricular systole and ventricular diastole. 2. Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. 3. Increases in end-diastolic…
Postabsorptive Nutrient Utilization
Chapter 32 Postabsorptive Nutrient Utilization Key Points 1. Homeostatic mechanisms balance the supply and demand of almost all nutrients. The furnace 1. The tricarboxylic acid (or Krebs) cycle is the major energy-yielding…
Solute Reabsorption
Chapter 42 Solute Reabsorption Key Points 1. The renal tubule reabsorbs filtered substances. 2. Renal tubule function may be assessed by determining fractional excretion rate. 3. The proximal tubule reabsorbs the bulk of…
The Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
Chapter 22 The Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations Key Points 1. Blood pressure represents a potential energy that propels blood through the circulation. 2. Vascular resistance is defined as perfusion pressure divided by…
Gas Transport in the Blood
Chapter 48 Gas Transport in the Blood Key Points Oxygen transport 1. A small amount of oxygen is transported in solution in plasma, but most is in combination with hemoglobin. 2. A…
The Electrocardiogram
Chapter 20 The Electrocardiogram Key Points 1. An electrocardiogram is simply a graph, made by a voltmeter that is equipped to plot voltage as a function of time. 2. Atrial depolarization, ventricular…
The Endocrine System
Chapter 33 The Endocrine System Key Points General concepts 1. Hormones are chemicals produced by specific tissues that are transported by the vascular system to affect other tissues at low concentrations….
Motility Patterns of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Chapter 28 Motility Patterns of the Gastrointestinal Tract Key Points 1. Slow waves of electrical depolarization are a unique feature of gut smooth muscle. 2. When slow waves reach sensitized smooth muscle…
Digestion: The Fermentative Processes
Chapter 31 Digestion The Fermentative Processes Key Points 1. Fermentation is the metabolic action of bacteria. 2. The sites of fermentative digestion must be conducive to microbial growth. Microbial ecosystem of fermentative…
