The Concept of a Reflex
Chapter 7 The Concept of a Reflex Key Points 1. A reflex arc contains five fundamental components. 2. Reflex arcs can be segmental or intersegmental. 3. Reflex arcs are widespread in the nervous…
The Concept of Lower and Upper Motor Neurons and Their Malfunction
Chapter 9 The Concept of Lower and Upper Motor Neurons and Their Malfunction Key Points 1. The lower motor neuron is classically defined as the alpha (α) motor neuron. 2. Disease of…
Infectious diseases
Chapter 69 Infectious diseases A microbiological approach to infectious diseases of domestic animals is presented in this chapter. The material has been organized on a species and systems basis. Species…
Bacterial pathogens: Microscopy, culture and identification
Chapter 2 Bacterial pathogens Microscopy, culture and identification Microscopy A good-quality microscope with a built-in light source (bright-field microscopy) as well as low-power, high-dry and oil-immersion objectives is required. A…
Enterobacteriaceae
Chapter 17 Enterobacteriaceae Most members of the family Enterobacteriaceae share the following characteristics: Gram-negative, medium-sized rods (0.4–0.6 × 2–3 µm; Fig. 17.1); peritrichate arrangement of flagella, if motile; facultatively anaerobic and…
Clostridium species
Chapter 16 Clostridium species Genus Characteristics The Clostridium species are large (0.3–1.3 × 3–10 µm), Gram-positive, anaerobic, endospore-producing rods (the spores usually bulge the mother cell). All the pathogenic species are…
Antimicrobial agents
Chapter 6 Antimicrobial agents Antimicrobial susceptibility testing The purpose of antimicrobial susceptibility testing is to guide the clinician in the selection of an antimicrobial agent to which the clinical condition…
The Actinobacteria
Chapter 10 The Actinobacteria The class Actinobacteria comprises a heterologous group of procaryotes, containing some genera which have the ability to form Gram-positive, branching filaments of less than 1 μm in…
