Skull tumour
17 Skull tumour INITIAL PRESENTATION Seizures. INTRODUCTION Head trauma usually has to be severe to cause lasting signs. SIGNALMENT An 11-year-old female Jack Russell terrier. CASE PRESENTING SIGNS A recent…
Psychological
13 Psychological INTRODUCTION High levels of activity are normal for certain breeds and ages of dog. It is often rewarded and reinforced inadvertently by owner attention. Hyperactivity is overdiagnosed in…
Defecation: Faecal incontinence
12 Defecation Faecal incontinence INITIAL PRESENTATION Appears aware but unable to control the urge; appears unaware and drops faeces when walking, lying down, in bed; has poor control of defecation…
Taking a history
1 Taking a history INTRODUCTION Allowing the client to describe the problem without interruption is the fastest way to take a complete history. Admittedly, the information usually arrives in a…
Head trauma
5 Head trauma INITIAL PRESENTATION Obtunded, stupor, coma. INTRODUCTION Being hit by a car, human, large animal, falling tree or furniture, being shot at or in a dog fight are…
Seizures – an introduction
16 Seizures – an introduction Seizures originate from the brain. They are the physical manifestation of abnormal synchronous electrical discharge in the brain. The brain can be stimulated to do…
Metabolic encephalopathy: insulinoma
6 Metabolic encephalopathy insulinoma INITIAL PRESENTATION Altered behaviour (agitation or lethargy), decreased mental alertness, seizures, exercise intolerance, weakness or collapse commonly occur. Stupor and coma may result. INTRODUCTION Cerebral dysfunction…
Metabolic encephalopathy: hepatic encephalopathy
7 Metabolic encephalopathy hepatic encephalopathy Ed Friend, Susan Fitzmaurice INTRODUCTION Severely reduced liver function is required to produce hepatic encephalopathy. This is most commonly due to vascular shunting. Low blood…
Birds – an introduction
9 Birds – an introduction Introduction Birds such as parrots and canaries have been kept as pets for many centuries, for their beauty, song and mimicry. Raptors are more usually…
Bearded dragon with hepatic disease
17 Bearded dragon with hepatic disease INITIAL PRESENTATION Reduced appetite in a bearded dragon. Introduction Reptiles often present with vague clinical signs that may have many differential diagnoses, often with…
