Chapter 2 Prenatal Development Early Development Ovulation in the dog occurs spontaneously early in estrus, as was shown by Bischoff in 1844. The germ cell of the dog at this…

Chapter 17 Spinal Nerves The spinal nerves (nervi spinales) (Figs. 17-1 and 17-2) usually number 36 pairs in the dog. Each spinal nerve consists of four segments from proximal to…

Chapter 4 The Skeleton General The skeleton serves for support and protection while providing levers for muscular action. It functions as a storehouse for minerals and as a site for…

Chapter 11 The Heart and Arteries Abraham Bezuidenhout Pericardium and Heart Pericardium The pericardium, or heart sac, is the fibroserous envelope of the heart. It can be divided into an…

Chapter 9 The Urogenital System Urinary Organs The urogenital system (apparatus urogenitalis) is so named because of similar embryologic origins of several component parts and some of the same functional…

Chapter 5 Arthrology General Articulations, or joints (articulationes [juncturae] ossium), are formed when two or more bones are united by fibrous, elastic, or cartilaginous tissue or by a combination of…

Chapter 8 The Respiratory System The respiratory system (apparatus respiratorius) uses the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and smaller passageways to bring air to the alveoli or sites…

Chapter 12 Veins Abraham J. Bezuidenhout General Considerations Veins follow the same general course as arteries, although variations in their number, size, and course are more frequent than in arteries….