Pain – an introduction
68 Pain – an introduction Almost all pet owners equate pain with a poor quality of life. It is important to recognize the presence of pain in a disease process…
LMN paresis and paralysis: Acquired myasthenia gravis
44 LMN paresis and paralysis Acquired myasthenia gravis INITIAL PRESENTATION Dysphagia, regurgitation, retching, dysphonia, ptyalism, inability to blink, cervical ventroflexion (cat), tremors, stiffness progressing to generalized weakness with exercise, hindlimb…
Horner’s syndrome
28 Horner’s syndrome INITIAL PRESENTATION Eye appears sunken or ‘disappears’ from view. Odd appearance to the animal’s face. INTRODUCTION Horner’s syndrome describes the constellation of signs resulting from paralysis of…
LMN paresis and paralysis: Flaccid tail
46 LMN paresis and paralysis Flaccid tail INITIAL PRESENTATION Flaccid tail, low tail carriage, tail paralysis. INTRODUCTION Sacrococcygeal muscles dorsally and ventrally, and the lateral intertransversarius coccygeus muscles extend and…
Alteration of eyelid position and movement
27 Alteration of eyelid position and movement INTRODUCTION The palpebral fissure is the opening between the eyelids. It forms at 7–10 days in the newborn cat and dog. Opening and…
Loss of balance
58 Loss of balance INITIAL PRESENTATION Leaning, falling, rolling, circling, ataxia, head tilt, nystagmus. INTRODUCTION Sudden onset of idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease is very common in the older dog. Vomiting…
Urinary incontinence – an introduction
73 Urinary incontinence – an introduction Urination becomes a voluntary action in the young animal. It is governed by interactions of the CNS and PNS, many of them reflex. Cerebral…
Bilateral atrophy of the masticatory muscles
66 Bilateral atrophy of the masticatory muscles INTRODUCTION Atrophy of the masticatory muscles (MM) allows the skull shape to be more obvious and owners often report a ‘lump’ which is…
