Fig. 9.1 Molecular clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). A simplified view of the molecular circadian clock. The mammalian clock is composed of a negative feedback loop involving clock genes…

Fig. 13.1 Schematic diagram explaining the food-entrainable oscillator (FEO) and food-entrainable peripheral oscillator (FEPO). Light signals can entrain the light entrainable oscillator (LEO) by activating the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). On…

Fig. 15.1 Experimental models of circadian desynchronization. Schematic representation of behavioral rhythms under different environmental conditions as observed in the laboratory. Light-dark cycles different from 24 h (i.e., T-cycles) whose…

Fig. 6.1 The marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is a small diurnal primate morphologically characterized by the presence of typical white tufts. (From Christiane A. Silva/LNRB) Besides its easy maintenance in the…

Fig. 17.1 Retroviral mechanism of infection. The retroviral vector infects and integrates the therapeutic gene (clock gene) into the genome of the host cell, and then the cell transcribes the…

Fig. 8.1 Diagram of the key elements of a GABAergic synapse 8.2 Introduction to GABAA Receptor-Mediated Neurotransmission 8.2.1 GABA Synthesis, Release, Transport, and Degradation GABA is synthesized from glutamate by…

Fig. 5.1 Actogram of locomotor activity from a single zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata. The top bars indicate the times during which lights are off (black) vs. on (white). These are…

Fig. 3.1 The molecular clock in Drosophila: The schematic depicts the daily cycle that drives cyclic expression of per and tim mRNAs and PER and TIM proteins. Protein expression is…