Horner’s syndrome
28 Horner’s syndrome INITIAL PRESENTATION Eye appears sunken or ‘disappears’ from view. Odd appearance to the animal’s face. INTRODUCTION Horner’s syndrome describes the constellation of signs resulting from paralysis of…
Alteration of eyelid position and movement
27 Alteration of eyelid position and movement INTRODUCTION The palpebral fissure is the opening between the eyelids. It forms at 7–10 days in the newborn cat and dog. Opening and…
LMN paresis and paralysis: Flaccid tail
46 LMN paresis and paralysis Flaccid tail INITIAL PRESENTATION Flaccid tail, low tail carriage, tail paralysis. INTRODUCTION Sacrococcygeal muscles dorsally and ventrally, and the lateral intertransversarius coccygeus muscles extend and…
Loss of balance
58 Loss of balance INITIAL PRESENTATION Leaning, falling, rolling, circling, ataxia, head tilt, nystagmus. INTRODUCTION Sudden onset of idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease is very common in the older dog. Vomiting…
Urinary incontinence – an introduction
73 Urinary incontinence – an introduction Urination becomes a voluntary action in the young animal. It is governed by interactions of the CNS and PNS, many of them reflex. Cerebral…
Retroperitoneal disease
71 Retroperitoneal disease INITIAL PRESENTATION Lumbar pain, pyrexia, lethargy, anorexia and abdominal pain. INTRODUCTION The retroperitoneum is the potential space between the ventral fascia of the sublumbar muscles and the…
Bilateral atrophy of the masticatory muscles
66 Bilateral atrophy of the masticatory muscles INTRODUCTION Atrophy of the masticatory muscles (MM) allows the skull shape to be more obvious and owners often report a ‘lump’ which is…
Hypocalcaemia
64 Hypocalcaemia INTRODUCTION Clinical signs of hypocalcaemia reflect calcium’s importance to the electrical stability of excitable tissue. Spasms, cramp and tetany are commonly observed. Handling and excitement typically induce or…
