Structure, Metabolism and Functions of Amino Acids: An Overview
Fig. 7.1 General structure of an amino acid. Chemical structure of an amino acid showing the four different groups around the central α-carbon atom (with the exception of proline). The…
Synthesis and Degradation of Proteins in Pigs
Fig. 8.1 Insulin- and nutrition (main are amino acid and glucose)-signaling pathway leading to the stimulation of translation initiation. Activation of the insulin-signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of…
Determination of Protein Digestibility in the Growing Pig
True ileal digestible lysine (g/kg) Traditional analysis Reactive lysine Wheat 3.2 2.9*** Maize 2.6 1.9*** Skim milk powder 19.8 16.6*** Cottonseed meal 12.9 10.3*** Evaporated milk 23.4 20.5*** Whole…
Amino Acids and Obesity, Diabetes, and Dyslipidemia in Pigs and Other Mammals
Amino acids (mM) Obese (n = 74) Lean (n = 67) P value Valine 281.4 (249.2, 332.9) 235.3 (204.1, 257.0) <0.0001 Leucine/Isoleucine 170.0 (150.2, 200.8) 149.0 (132.5, 176.6) <0.0001 Glutamate/Glutamine 118.4 (91.4, 143.7) 81.2…
Amino Acids, Gene Expression, and Cell Signaling in the Pig Intestine
Indispensable Dispensable Conditionally indispensablea Precursors of conditionally indispensable Histidineb Alanine Arginine Glutamine/glutamate, aspartate Isoleucine Aspartic acid Cysteine Methionine, serine Leucine Asparagine Glutamine Glutamic acid/ammonia Lysine Glutamic acid Glycine Serine, choline…
Surgical Techniques Used in Amino Acid Nutrition Research
(16.1) (16.2)where PVBF is portal vein blood flow (ml/min); C i is concentration of PAH infusion solution (mg/ml); IR is portal plasma PAH concentration (ml/min); PAHpv is portal plasma PAH…
Development of Digestive Glands in Pigs
Fig. 2.1 The location of pig’s liver and gallbladder Four lobes are surrounded by a capsule of fibrous connective tissue called Glisson’s capsule. The Glisson’s capsule in turn is covered…
Methods for Measuring Amino Acids of Endogenous Origin in Intestines
Brown EM, MacLeod RJ (2001) Extracellular calcium sensing and extracellular calcium signaling. Physiol Rev 81(1):239–297PubMed Busque SM, Kerstetter JE et al (2005) L-type amino acids stimulate gastric acid secretion by…
Measurement of Synthesis and Degradation of Proteins
Adegoke OA, McBurney MI, Samuels SE, Baracos VE (2003) Modulation of intestinal protein synthesis and protease mRNA by luminal and systemic nutrients. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284(6):G1017–G1026PubMed Balagopal…
Factors That Affect Amino Acid Metabolism in Pigs
From these equations, it was deduced that the correlations are relatively high (P < 0.05 or 0.1) between ADG and the net portal absorption of total EAA, leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), valine…
