Evolution of Influenza Viruses
Fig. 4.1 Factors affecting evolution of influenza viruses 4.1 Evolution of Haemagglutinin Gene of Influenza Viruses Compared to influenza C viruses, influenza B viruses are more closely related to influenza A…
Prevention and Control of Influenza Viruses
Fig. 11.1 Approaches to the development of universal vaccines against influenza A viruses. Antibody-based universal vaccines can be developed using various targets such as HA fusion peptides and stalk domains, ectodomain…
Replication Cycle of Influenza Viruses
Fig. 3.1 Replication cycle of influenza A Virus. 1 Attachment of influenza virus to sialic acid receptors on the cell surface. 2 Penetration of the virus into the cell through receptor…
Properties of Influenza Viruses
Gene segments Proteins encoded by various gene segments in Influenza A virus Influenza B virus Influenza Ca virus 1 PB2 PB2 PB2 2 PB1, PB1-F2 PB1 PB1 3 PA PA…
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Sanjay Kapoor and Kuldeep DhamaInsight into Influenza Viruses of Animals and Humans201410.1007/978-3-319-05512-1_12 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 12. Conclusions and Future Perspectives Sanjay Kapoor1 and Kuldeep Dhama2 (1) Department of Veterinary Microbiology, LLR University of Veterinary…
Diagnosis of Influenza Viruses
Sanjay Kapoor and Kuldeep DhamaInsight into Influenza Viruses of Animals and Humans201410.1007/978-3-319-05512-1_10 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 10. Diagnosis of Influenza Viruses Sanjay Kapoor1 and Kuldeep Dhama2 (1) Department of Veterinary Microbiology, LLR University of Veterinary…
Public Health Importance and Pandemic Potentials/Threats of Influenza Viruses
Pandemic Year Virus strain Human deaths Case fatality rate (%) Age groups affected GDP loss (%) References Asiatic (Russian) flu 1889–1890 H3N8 1 million 0.15 Lipatov et al. 2004 Spanish…
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity of Influenza Viruses
Fig. 8.1 Criteria for designation of an isolate as highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) The constellation of genes coding for viral RNA polymerase complex (PB1, PB2, PA and NP) appears…
Epidemiology of Influenza Viruses
Host species Subtypes of influenza A viruses Human H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1, H9N2, H7N7, H7N2, H7N3, H10N7, H7N9, H10N8 Horses H3N8 and H7N7 Pigs H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, H1N7, H3N1, H4N6,…
Clinical Features of Influenza Viruses
Sanjay Kapoor and Kuldeep DhamaInsight into Influenza Viruses of Animals and Humans201410.1007/978-3-319-05512-1_7 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 7. Clinical Features of Influenza Viruses Sanjay Kapoor1 and Kuldeep Dhama2 (1) Department of Veterinary Microbiology, LLR University of…
