63 Tetanus INTRODUCTION Tetanus is the disease produced by the Clostridium tetani toxin tetanospasmin within the CNS where it prevents inhibitory interneurons from releasing glycine and GABA. Uninhibited continuous muscular…

41 UMN Intervertebral disc disease INITIAL PRESENTATION • Pain • Proprioception deficits • Paresis/paralysis. INTRODUCTION The anulus fibrosis of the intervertebral disc may rupture or bulge, and compress the adjacent…

56 Collapse INTRODUCTION Sudden onset of collapse is a common presenting sign in small animal practice but not all such animals are afflicted with neurological disease. Physical examination, haematology and…

75 Leaks, dribbles urine INTRODUCTION Leaking or dribbling urine is a passive action and urine is found where the animal has been sitting or lying and may occur as the…

52 Lameness Nerve root tumours INITIAL PRESENTATION Tumours of the peripheral nerve sheath such as schwannomas are slow-growing and typically present as a chronic persistent forelimb lameness lasting months for…

70 Meningitis of large breed dogs INITIAL PRESENTATION Acute onset of neck pain, fever, lethargy, reluctance to walk, and a stiff gait. SIGNALMENT A 1-year, 3-month-old male golden retriever dog….

42 UMN Spinal fracture INITIAL PRESENTATION Spinal pain, paralysis/paresis, proprioceptive deficits, urinary incontinence. INTRODUCTION Most fractures are due to road traffic accidents (RTA) and most occur in the thoracolumbar spine….

54 Posture – an introduction Posture is a description of the relative placement, arrangement, or position of the animal’s head, body and limbs with respect to gravity. The term attitude…

23 Blindness INITIAL PRESENTATION Bumps into things, reluctant to move, hesitant to use stairs, stumbles on uneven ground, sleeps all day, unable to locate moving or stationary objects, cannot catch…

33 Deafness INTRODUCTION Air conducts sound waves to the tympanic membrane. This energy is transmitted via the malleus, incus and stapes ossicle chain of the middle ear to the fluid…