Veterian Key

Ocular patients General considerations Development of an appropriate anesthetic and pain management plan for any ocular patient requires knowledge of not only the patient’s physical status and the ophthalmic procedure…

Conditions associated with the oral cavity and pharynx Patients with trauma, swelling and/or edema, or space-occupying masses of the pharynx, oral cavity, and sometimes the head and neck frequently require…

Introduction The prevention and control of pain are central to the practice of veterinary medicine. It is essential that clinicians have an understanding of the physiological processes leading to the…

Introduction The purpose of anesthesia is to provide reversible unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility for invasive procedures. The administration of anesthetic drugs and the unconscious, recumbent, and immobile state, however,…

Introduction Successful anesthetic management of dogs and cats requires an understanding of basic physiology and pharmacology integrated with various clinical competencies relating to anesthesia and pain management. The approach to…

Introduction Dogs and cats frequently require anesthesia for diagnostic evaluation or surgical correction of neurological disorders. Diagnostic procedures that require either general anesthesia or heavy sedation include electroencephalography (EEG), imaging…

Introduction The cardiovascular system is comprised of the heart, the vasculature, and the blood. Dysfunction of any or all of these components can occur in patients with cardiovascular disease, disease…