LMN paresis and paralysis – an introduction
43 LMN paresis and paralysis – an introduction The motor functions of the CNS are expressed through the lower motor neuron (LMN) (Fig. 43.1), which consists of: • Cell bodies…
UMN: Vertebral malformation
40 UMN Vertebral malformation INITIAL PRESENTATION An acute onset of signs with chronic underlying pathology. INTRODUCTION Congenital vertebral malformations are commonly found in neurologically normal dogs. Do not presume a…
Ventroflexion of the neck
60 Ventroflexion of the neck INITIAL PRESENTATION Head droop, head drop, ‘dropped head’, chin on or close to sternum INTRODUCTION The major antigravity support for the head is supplied by…
UMN: Spinal empyema
38 UMN Spinal empyema INITIAL PRESENTATION Inflammation of the spinal cord and its meningeal covering presents as ataxia, paresis and spinal pain along with less specific signs of lethargy, fever…
UMN: Spinal cord infarction
39 UMN Spinal cord infarction INITIAL PRESENTATION Sudden onset of asymmetrical weakness and proprioceptive deficits. INTRODUCTION Spinal cord disease may present with either upper motor neuron (UMN) or lower motor…
Lameness: Ischaemia
53 Lameness Ischaemia INTRODUCTION Arterial thromboembolism produces limb ischaemia and either paresis or paralysis, depending on the degree of occlusion and amount of collateral circulation. This is most common in…
The control of pupil diameter
24 The control of pupil diameter Abnormal pupil function in the pet can lead the owners to report large ‘black’ eyes, a staring expression, or sunken eyes which have ‘disappeared’…
Truncal ataxia
59 Truncal ataxia INTRODUCTION Inflammatory CNS disease is a very common cause of neurological signs in small animals, more so in the young to middle-aged. Peripheral leukocytes invade the brain,…
Balance – an introduction
57 Balance – an introduction Balance is maintained by equal input from the vestibular receptors found bilaterally in the inner ears (see Fig. 57.1). The receptors detect a change in…
