Introduction The purpose of anesthesia is to provide reversible unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility for invasive procedures. The administration of anesthetic drugs and the unconscious, recumbent, and immobile state, however,…
Introduction Successful anesthetic management of dogs and cats requires an understanding of basic physiology and pharmacology integrated with various clinical competencies relating to anesthesia and pain management. The approach to…
Introduction Dogs and cats frequently require anesthesia for diagnostic evaluation or surgical correction of neurological disorders. Diagnostic procedures that require either general anesthesia or heavy sedation include electroencephalography (EEG), imaging…
Introduction The cardiovascular system is comprised of the heart, the vasculature, and the blood. Dysfunction of any or all of these components can occur in patients with cardiovascular disease, disease…
Disorders of the adrenal gland Adrenal insufficiency Disease that results in insufficient adrenal hormone production (i.e., hypoadrenocorticism or Addison’s disease) may adversely affect the condition of the patient and overall…
Anatomy and physiology The liver has four primary functions: (1) synthesis of proteins, (2) detoxification of waste products, (3) biotransformation of drugs, and (4) storage of glycogen. The liver has…
Introduction As the science of veterinary medicine advances life-prolonging therapies, clinicians will be exposed to increasing numbers of older patients that will require care. Along with the advancing age of…
Introduction Because the airway extends from the oral or nasal cavity to the alveoli, airway compromise or respiratory disease has numerous manifestations. Complications can be encountered in both the upper…
General considerations While the importance of acute perioperative pain management for dogs and cats has been embraced by veterinarians in recent years, chronic pain management has lagged behind. Barriers to…
