peripheralsensitization Local anesthetics,opioids, NSAIDs,corticosteroids Transmission Inhibitimpulseconduction Local anesthetics,α2 agonists Modulation Inhibitcentralsensitization Local anesthetics,opioids, α2 agonists,NSAIDs, NMDAantagonists, tricyclicantidepressants,anticonvulsants Perception Alter cerebralrecognitionof painfulconditions Inhalant anesthetics,opioids, α2 agonists,benzodiazepines,phenothiazines Adapted from Figure 1-3, Pain…

Mask or chamber inductions are very risky and poor choices for the respiratory-compromised patient. To decrease doses of inhalant anesthetic necessary for maintenance and the hypotension associated with higher inhalant…

After successfully pressure checking the anesthesia machine, check the vaporizer to make sure it has enough liquid inhalant. Next check to make sure the CO2 absorbent is fresh. The absorbent…

Factors that influence accuracy Like many monitoring techniques used today pulse oximetry is also susceptible to inaccuracies. There are intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can provide inaccurate saturation data. Intrinsic…

Interpreting data: clinical significance When assessing a rhythm strip, one should first see whether the rhythm is a normal sinus rhythm (regular) or some type of arrhythmia (irregular). It should…

Monitoring patient vital signs should begin during triage and continue well through the postoperative recovery phase. Each patient will require continued evaluation based on its affected organ system or systems….

Boxers seem to be sensitive to acepromazine (boxer-ace syndrome) (Hall et al. 2001). Its administration might cause hypotension and fainting in that breed. The presence of a higher vagal tone…

Renal Blood Flow and Perfusion Pressure Most renal functions take place in the nephron. The vascular tone of the afferent and efferent arterioles within each nephron contributes to renal vascular…

Afferent nerve fibers The peripheral nervous system consists in part of Aβ, Aδ, and C fibers. These peripheral nerve fibers have a large degree of functional overlap, providing continuous sensation…

In the blood, oxygen is transported in two forms: dissolved in plasma (which is measured by PO2) and bound to hemoglobin (measured by SpO2). The amount of oxygen bound to…