Change in voice and swallowing
36 Change in voice and swallowing INTRODUCTION Dysphagia A difficulty or inability to swallow is called dysphagia and it presents as: gagging, retching, choking, extending or flexing the neck during…
SMALL ANIMAL
Middle ear disease
31 Middle ear disease INITIAL PRESENTATION Initial presentation may include: facial paralysis, Horners syndrome, pain on opening the mouth. INTRODUCTION The middle ear lies beyond the tympanic membrane (ear drum),…
Lameness – an introduction
50 Lameness – an introduction Lameness is an abnormal gait caused by pain or mechanical dysfunction. The gait is predictably irregular (cf. ataxia). Proprioception pathways are not damaged so ataxia…
Idiopathic epilepsy
21 Idiopathic epilepsy INITIAL PRESENTATION Seizures. INTRODUCTION The definition of idiopathic epilepsy is the ocurrence of seizures for which an underlying cause has not been found. It is a diagnosis…
Behaviour change – an introduction
10 Behaviour change – an introduction Consciousness = alertness + awareness. • Alertness (the level of consciousness) is judged by reflex and behavioural responsiveness to stimuli and is governed by the ARAS and the…
Alteration in pupil function
25 Alteration in pupil function INTRODUCTION These two cases illustrate altered pupil function localized to different regions of the nervous system. SIGNALMENT 1 An 8.5-year-old male Staffordshire bull terrier. CASE…
Intracranial arachnoid cyst
14 Intracranial arachnoid cyst SIGNALMENT A 6-month-old male Yorkshire terrier. CASE PRESENTING SIGNS Circling, lack of house-training. CASE HISTORY The pup had always circled a lot, especially when on the…
Post-ictal behaviour change
22 Post-ictal behaviour change INITIAL PRESENTATION Multiple seizures, behaviour change. INTRODUCTION Status epilepticus is defined as repeated seizure activity without an intermission or seizure activity lasting more than 5 minutes, or…
Metabolic encephalopathy: osmolality
8 Metabolic encephalopathy osmolality INITIAL PRESENTATION Anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, ataxia, muscle weakness, tremors, altered mental state and behaviour, seizures and coma. INTRODUCTION Osmolality is the number of solute particles in…
