I. INTRODUCTION. Drugs applied to the surface of the skin have four possible outcomes. (1) They may remain on the surface, where they may exert their medicinal qualities. (2) They…

I. DRUGS USED IN HEART FAILURE THERAPY A. Introduction 1. Heart failure occurs when abnormal cardiac function causes inadequate blood delivery to the tissues or adequate delivery only with elevated…

I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS A. Biochemical imbalance in the monoaminergic (5-HT and NE) and GABAergic neurotransmitter system have been implicated in behavioral problems seen in companion animals. B. Behavioral problems most…

I. INTRODUCTION A. Function. Drugs can alter the function of the central nervous system (CNS) to provide 1. Anticonvulsant effects 2. Tranquilization (sedation) 3. Analgesia B. Neurotransmitter–receptor relationship. Neurotransmitters released…

I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Many drugs that are used for other organs or systems, for example, the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine systems, are used orally or parenterally for ocular disease…

I. INTRODUCTION. It is important for the practitioner to be aware of the rules, regulations, and standards that impact how they dispense, prescribe, or administer medications. While the objective of…

I. INTRODUCTION The primary function of the respiratory system is gas exchange between the inspired air and the pulmonary artery blood. Because of the large surface area of the alveoli…