8Introduction to the Nervous System To maintain homeostasis, the body must be in constant communication with both the internal and external environments. Responses to these internal and external signals require…

3Fundamental Biochemical Pathways and Processes in Cellular Physiology While our focus is physiology, as we have already seen, understanding physiological functions depends on an appreciation of chemistry, biochemistry, physics, and…

16Urinary System Anatomy of the Urinary System The urinary system is essential for homeostasis. Essential functions include regulation of blood volume and blood pressure control of blood concentrations of several…

11Special Senses The special senses include smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium. Unlike the sense of touch that generally involves free nerve endings, special senses are dependent on specific receptor…

18Lactation Introduction As biology students learn early in their schooling, the presence of mammary glands distinguishes mammals from other animals. With a few exceptions, for example, bottle‐fed human infants or…

15Immunity Introduction The capacity of animals to run from or disable potential predators is the essence of survival. Perhaps less apparent is the need to protect cells and tissues from…

5Integumentary System The largest physiological system is often overlooked when considering domestic animal physiology. In passing, we might consider agricultural products, for example, leather and wool derived from skin, but…