The Urinary System
CHAPTER 11 The Urinary System* Shelley J. Newman Structure of the Kidney Mammalian kidneys are paired organs present in the retroperitoneum, ventrolateral and adjacent to the lumbar vertebral bodies and their…
GENERAL
Mechanisms of Microbial Infections
CHAPTER 4 Mechanisms of Microbial Infections James F. Zachary The goal of this chapter is to provide a mechanistic overview of the key steps involved in understanding the pathogenesis of infectious…
Evolution of Influenza Viruses
Fig. 4.1 Factors affecting evolution of influenza viruses 4.1 Evolution of Haemagglutinin Gene of Influenza Viruses Compared to influenza C viruses, influenza B viruses are more closely related to influenza A…
Prevention and Control of Influenza Viruses
Fig. 11.1 Approaches to the development of universal vaccines against influenza A viruses. Antibody-based universal vaccines can be developed using various targets such as HA fusion peptides and stalk domains, ectodomain…
Replication Cycle of Influenza Viruses
Fig. 3.1 Replication cycle of influenza A Virus. 1 Attachment of influenza virus to sialic acid receptors on the cell surface. 2 Penetration of the virus into the cell through receptor…
Properties of Influenza Viruses
Gene segments Proteins encoded by various gene segments in Influenza A virus Influenza B virus Influenza Ca virus 1 PB2 PB2 PB2 2 PB1, PB1-F2 PB1 PB1 3 PA PA…
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Sanjay Kapoor and Kuldeep DhamaInsight into Influenza Viruses of Animals and Humans201410.1007/978-3-319-05512-1_12 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 12. Conclusions and Future Perspectives Sanjay Kapoor1 and Kuldeep Dhama2 (1) Department of Veterinary Microbiology, LLR University of Veterinary…
Diagnosis of Influenza Viruses
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Public Health Importance and Pandemic Potentials/Threats of Influenza Viruses
Pandemic Year Virus strain Human deaths Case fatality rate (%) Age groups affected GDP loss (%) References Asiatic (Russian) flu 1889–1890 H3N8 1 million 0.15 Lipatov et al. 2004 Spanish…
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity of Influenza Viruses
Fig. 8.1 Criteria for designation of an isolate as highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) The constellation of genes coding for viral RNA polymerase complex (PB1, PB2, PA and NP) appears…
