Fig. 10.1 Actograms and periodograms of representative Intact, Nursing-ZT03, and Nursing-ZT19 groups. (a, c, e) Double-plotted actograms of Intact (a), Nursing-ZT03 (c), and Nursing-ZT19 (e) groups. Black and white bars…

Fig. 14.1 The mammalian molecular clock. This circadian molecular clock has a negative feedback loop involving the genes per1-2, cry1-2, bmal1, and clock. Clock and Bmal1 are transcription factors that…

Fig. 16.1 Circadian dysfunction in locomotor activity. Mice were placed individually in cages with running wheels, and locomotor activity was recorded under different lighting conditions. Each horizontal row represents an…

Fig. 4.1 White “piaba,” Stygichthys typhlops (Teleostei: Characiformes), troglobitic fish from phreatic waters in Minas Gerais State, eastern Brazil, showing a high degree of specialization to the subterranean life, including…

Fig. 9.1 Molecular clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). A simplified view of the molecular circadian clock. The mammalian clock is composed of a negative feedback loop involving clock genes…

Fig. 13.1 Schematic diagram explaining the food-entrainable oscillator (FEO) and food-entrainable peripheral oscillator (FEPO). Light signals can entrain the light entrainable oscillator (LEO) by activating the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). On…

Fig. 15.1 Experimental models of circadian desynchronization. Schematic representation of behavioral rhythms under different environmental conditions as observed in the laboratory. Light-dark cycles different from 24 h (i.e., T-cycles) whose…

Fig. 6.1 The marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is a small diurnal primate morphologically characterized by the presence of typical white tufts. (From Christiane A. Silva/LNRB) Besides its easy maintenance in the…

Fig. 17.1 Retroviral mechanism of infection. The retroviral vector infects and integrates the therapeutic gene (clock gene) into the genome of the host cell, and then the cell transcribes the…

Fig. 8.1 Diagram of the key elements of a GABAergic synapse 8.2 Introduction to GABAA Receptor-Mediated Neurotransmission 8.2.1 GABA Synthesis, Release, Transport, and Degradation GABA is synthesized from glutamate by…