Summary A comprehensive evaluation from a physical therapy perspective requires keen observational and manual skills. Assessment of the pelvic limb entails careful examination of the toes, tarsus, stifle, and hip…
Summary Nutrition plays an integral role in sports performance and rehabilitation. Sporting dogs have a multitude of different activities that likely require dietary modifications for optimal performance that revolve around…
Summary Undermanaged acute and chronic pain can lead to a cascade of negative physiological, medical, and emotional consequences. Fortunately, there are many pain-management tools available to the veterinarian to mitigate…
Summary Acupuncture is defined as the insertion of thin, sterile needles into specific points, based on anatomical structures, which leads to a physiologic response. These physiologic responses are due to…
Summary Peak performance in the canine athlete requires a level of health that is quite different from the sedate dog. For there to be success, many physiologic parameters have to…
Structural Diseases Stenotic Nares and Brachycephalic Syndrome Pathophysiology Brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS) is a congenital disorder resulting from primary conformational defects (stenotic nares or an elongated soft palate), which obstruct…
General Laboratory Testing Basic blood work (complete blood count and biochemical panel) are often performed during the workup of a respiratory patient and may help support the presence of an…
Structural Disorders Laryngeal Paralysis Pathophysiology In normal animals, the dorsal cricoarytenoideus muscles contract to abduct the corniculate processes of the arytenoids during inspiration. This muscle is innervated by the recurrent…
Structural Diseases Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Pathophysiology Normal cilia are made up of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair. Inner and outer dynein arms connect the microtubules, and the…
Structural Disorders Pneumothorax Pathophysiology Entrance of air into the pleural cavity results in positive intrapleural pressure that causes collapse of the lungs with a subsequent drop in venous return and…
