Anesthetic physiology and pharmacology
Cardiovascular anatomy and physiology The uptake, distribution, and elimination of anesthetic drugs depend on blood flow. The cardiovascular system, which is composed of the heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and…
Acid–base balance and fluid therapy
Introduction Homeostasis requires maintenance of a relatively constant fluid volume and stable composition in all fluid compartments. The practice of anesthesia, even in American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Category I…
Patient monitoring
Introduction The purpose of anesthesia is to provide a reversible alteration in central nervous system (C NS) function characterized by unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility suitable for completion of a…
Anesthesia equipment
Introduction Inhalant anesthesia forms the basis of most modern anesthetic protocols in veterinary medicine. The administration of potent inhaled anesthetics requires specific delivery techniques. The anesthetic machine enables the delivery…
Local anesthetics and regional analgesic techniques
Introduction Local anesthetics are a group of chemically related compounds that reversibly bind sodium channels and block impulse conduction in nerve fibers. The interruption of neural transmission in sensory afferent…
