32 Otogenic intracranial infection INITIAL PRESENTATION The initial presentation may include vestibular disease, facial paralysis or Horner’s syndrome. INTRODUCTION Chronic ear infection can result in pyogranulomatous otitis media-interna with osteomyelitis…
11 Loss of house-training INITIAL PRESENTATION Behaviour change: loss of house-training. INTRODUCTION Occasional urinating or defecating in the house by the pet is often excused by the owner as ‘having…
74 No attempt to urinate INTRODUCTION No attempt to urinate results in urine retention. Overflow of urine may occur but the bladder does not fully empty. In time, a sacral…
30 Dropped jaw INITIAL PRESENTATION Inability to prehend food or toys, slow, messy eating: drops food and dribbles water around the bowl, drooling, salivating (pseudoptyalism), jaw hanging open, unable to…
49 Ataxia Vestibular ataxia INITIAL PRESENTATION (VESTIBULAR DYSFUNCTION) • Ataxia • Falling, leaning, rolling or circling • Head tilt, nystagmus or positional strabismus. INTRODUCTION Balance in a general sense is…
48 Ataxia Cerebellar ataxia INITIAL PRESENTATION When the coordination fails, smoothness of movement is lost and is replaced by: • Dysmetria, an exaggerated movement of limbs which appears as a…
15 Aggression INTRODUCTION Pain and psychological disturbances are more common causes of aggression than cerebral disease. Aggression from pain is either due to touching the painful area or the animal…
45 LMN paresis and paralysis Brachial plexus avulsion INTRODUCTION Failure of nerve transmission due to a functional disturbance from compression, ischaemia, or blunt trauma is called neurapraxia. The larger motor…
29 Idiopathic facial paralysis INITIAL PRESENTATION Acute Dropped or drooping flaccid upper and lower lips, dropped ear, lopsided face, odd look to face, food collecting in the mouth between the…
61 Muscle tone – an introduction Tone is the resistance of a muscle to stretch. It is generated by reflex circuits of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs projecting onto…
