Defecation: Faecal incontinence
12 Defecation Faecal incontinence INITIAL PRESENTATION Appears aware but unable to control the urge; appears unaware and drops faeces when walking, lying down, in bed; has poor control of defecation…
Psychological
13 Psychological INTRODUCTION High levels of activity are normal for certain breeds and ages of dog. It is often rewarded and reinforced inadvertently by owner attention. Hyperactivity is overdiagnosed in…
Metabolic encephalopathy: insulinoma
6 Metabolic encephalopathy insulinoma INITIAL PRESENTATION Altered behaviour (agitation or lethargy), decreased mental alertness, seizures, exercise intolerance, weakness or collapse commonly occur. Stupor and coma may result. INTRODUCTION Cerebral dysfunction…
Seizures – an introduction
16 Seizures – an introduction Seizures originate from the brain. They are the physical manifestation of abnormal synchronous electrical discharge in the brain. The brain can be stimulated to do…
Metabolic encephalopathy: hepatic encephalopathy
7 Metabolic encephalopathy hepatic encephalopathy Ed Friend, Susan Fitzmaurice INTRODUCTION Severely reduced liver function is required to produce hepatic encephalopathy. This is most commonly due to vascular shunting. Low blood…
