Toxic Effects
Fig. 4.1 Severe mottling, chalkiness, and attrition of teeth in a fluorotic cow Excessive intake of fluoride interferes with amelogenesis and dentinogenesis resulting in defective enamel and dentin formation (Swarup and…
Fig. 4.1 Severe mottling, chalkiness, and attrition of teeth in a fluorotic cow Excessive intake of fluoride interferes with amelogenesis and dentinogenesis resulting in defective enamel and dentin formation (Swarup and…
Mineral Chemical formula Fluorine concentration (%) Sellaite MgF2 61 Villiaumite NaF 55 Fluorspar CaF2 49 Cryolite Na3AlF6 45 Bastnaesite (Ce, LaY)(CO3)F 9 Fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F 3.5 In water, inorganic fluorides (F)…
Situation/condition Suitable technique High fluoride concentration Reverse osmosis, activated alumina adsorption, electrolysis High total dissolved solvent (TDS)/brackish water Reverse osmosis, electrolysis, solar evaporation Low operational cost/rural areas Nalgonda technique, bone…
Fig. 2.1 Sources of fluoride toxicity in animals 2.1 Natural Sources Fluorosis in animals can occur due to high fluoride concentration naturally occurring in dietary substances including feed, fodder, concentrate ration,…
Sample Sample size/volume Preservative Stability Comments Water 50 ml 0.2 g ethylene dinitrilo-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), disodium salt 2 weeks when stored at 4° C. Up to one month or more if kept at −20 °C…
Fig. 3.1 Fluoride metabolism in animal body after its oral intake 3.1 Absorption Fluoride compounds can be absorbed via different routes including the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and through skin and…
Animal species Fluoride in feed (ppm) Fluoride in water (ppm) Beef and dairy heifers 30 2.5–4 Mature dairy cattle 30 3–6 Mature beef cattle 40 4–8 Sheep 50 12–15 Horse…