Monitoring patient vital signs should begin during triage and continue well through the postoperative recovery phase. Each patient will require continued evaluation based on its affected organ system or systems….

Boxers seem to be sensitive to acepromazine (boxer-ace syndrome) (Hall et al. 2001). Its administration might cause hypotension and fainting in that breed. The presence of a higher vagal tone…

Renal Blood Flow and Perfusion Pressure Most renal functions take place in the nephron. The vascular tone of the afferent and efferent arterioles within each nephron contributes to renal vascular…

Afferent nerve fibers The peripheral nervous system consists in part of Aβ, Aδ, and C fibers. These peripheral nerve fibers have a large degree of functional overlap, providing continuous sensation…

In the blood, oxygen is transported in two forms: dissolved in plasma (which is measured by PO2) and bound to hemoglobin (measured by SpO2). The amount of oxygen bound to…

Pressure testing the anesthesia machine to detect leaks is an important task that should be done prior to each anesthetic event. Another might be checking that the hobbles are right…

For a detailed explanation see the ferret section. Additional suggestions for Doppler placement in the rodent include use of the tail artery. Blood pressure measurements may be limited due to…

Pharmacology The liver is important for metabolism and clearance of drugs. Proper drug choice and dosage can help prevent anesthetic complications. Phenothiazines, benzodiazepines, and alpha-2 adrenergics should be avoided or…

Many possible complications need to be considered when formulating an anesthetic regimen for the animal with GDV. The abdomen is distended and restricts movement of the diaphragm and thorax. As…

The four main classes of drugs used as premedicants in the pediatric patients are opioids, benzodiazepines, anticholinergics, and tranquilizers. These drugs can be used alone or in combinations. Opioids Opioids…