In summary there are two factors that affect blood pressure and two factors that affect cardiac output (Fig. 11.1). Blood pressure is determined by total peripheral resistance and cardiac output….

These devices provide oxygen at low cost and eliminate the presence of high-pressure tanks. Oxygen for the patient breathing system (Fig. 8.2) is delivered either by the flowmeter or the…

Slight prolongation of CRTEyes possibly sunken inorbitsPossibly dry mucous membranes 10–12 Tented skin stands in placeDefinite prolongation of CRTEyes sunken in orbitsDry mucous membranesPossible signs of shock(tachycardia, cool extremities, rapid…

peripheralsensitization Local anesthetics,opioids, NSAIDs,corticosteroids Transmission Inhibitimpulseconduction Local anesthetics,α2 agonists Modulation Inhibitcentralsensitization Local anesthetics,opioids, α2 agonists,NSAIDs, NMDAantagonists, tricyclicantidepressants,anticonvulsants Perception Alter cerebralrecognitionof painfulconditions Inhalant anesthetics,opioids, α2 agonists,benzodiazepines,phenothiazines Adapted from Figure 1-3, Pain…

Mask or chamber inductions are very risky and poor choices for the respiratory-compromised patient. To decrease doses of inhalant anesthetic necessary for maintenance and the hypotension associated with higher inhalant…

After successfully pressure checking the anesthesia machine, check the vaporizer to make sure it has enough liquid inhalant. Next check to make sure the CO2 absorbent is fresh. The absorbent…

Factors that influence accuracy Like many monitoring techniques used today pulse oximetry is also susceptible to inaccuracies. There are intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can provide inaccurate saturation data. Intrinsic…

Interpreting data: clinical significance When assessing a rhythm strip, one should first see whether the rhythm is a normal sinus rhythm (regular) or some type of arrhythmia (irregular). It should…