Clinical Vignette Sadie, a 2-year-old female black Labrador retriever, is presented for a very acute onset of dragging the right rear limb. Sadie was normal at 10 AM, and when…

Problem Definition Disturbances of heart rate and cardiac rhythm are commonly present with both cardiac and noncardiac disorders. While some arrhythmias have no clinical consequence, some cause significant hemodynamic compromise,…

Clinical Vignette An apparently healthy 5-month-old mixed-breed dog presents to you for a routine wellness examination. According to the owner, the puppy is showing no signs of exercise intolerance, weakness,…

Clinical Vignette Missy, a 6-year-old female Shetland sheepdog presents for an acute to subacute onset of weakness, lethargy, poor appetite, and vomiting. Physical examination reveals icteric mucous membranes and mild…

Clinical Vignette A 14-month-old spayed female German shepherd presents with an 8-month history of voluminous diarrhea, weight loss, unthrifty appearance, and pica. She defecates three to four times a day…

Problem Definition and Recognition Urine normally appears as varying shades of yellow to amber. The depth of color is related to urine volume. Dark urine does not necessarily mean concentrated…

Acid–Base Disturbances Acid–base disturbances are frequently encountered in veterinary medicine as a result of illness. This chapter provides a basic understanding and recognition of acid–base problems. Terminology The terms used…