Estrogen Basic Information Definition • Hyperestrogenemia: Increased circulating concentration of estrogen • Hypoestrogenemia: Decreased circulating concentration of estrogen Synonym(s) Estradiol is the most commonly measured estrogen, except in pregnancy when…

Fecal Flotation Basic Information Definition A test to detect parasite eggs, oocysts, or cysts in feces Typical Normal Range (US units; SI units) Results are reported as positive or negative…

Fecal Culture Basic Information Definition Examination of fecal material for the presence of enteric bacterial pathogens Typical Normal Range (US units; SI units) The results are reported as “no significant…

Fibrinogen (Fibrin) Degradation Products/D-dimer Basic Information Definition Fibrinogen (or fibrin) degradation products (FDPs) are fragments released following plasmin-mediated degradation of fibrinogen or fibrin. The d-dimer is a specific fragment formed…

West Nile Virus (WNV) Basic Information Definition • A positive sense, single stranded, enveloped RNA virus, is a flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. • WNV is subcategorized as a member…

Urine pH Basic Information Definition The negative logarithm of urine hydrogen ion concentration Synonym(s) • Aciduria (urine pH <7.0) • Alkalinuria (urine pH >7.0) Typical Normal Range (US Units; SI…

Urine Crystals Basic Information Definition Precipitation of salts forming crystals in the urine. Synonym(s) Crystalluria Typical Normal Range (US Units; SI Units) • Reported as the number of crystals seen…

Troponins, Cardiac Basic Information Definition Troponins are intracellular myocardial polypeptides expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle that regulate excitation-contraction coupling. Cardiac troponins are a tissue-specific isoform expressed within cardiac muscle….

Esophageal Stricture Basic Information Definition Stricture (narrowing of the lumen) of the esophagus Synonyms Esophageal webs or rings Epidemiology Risk Factors • Esophageal obstruction • Esophagitis Associated Conditions and Disorders…

Chloride Basic Information Definition • Hyperchloremia: Increased chloride concentration in the blood • Normochloremia: Normal chloride concentration in the blood • Hypochloremia: Decreased chloride concentration in the blood Synonym(s) Cl–…