Insulin Basic Information Definition • Hyperinsulinemia: Increased circulating concentration of insulin • Hypoinsulinemia: Decreased circulating concentration of insulin Typical Normal Range (US Units; SI Units) 0 to 35.9 pmol/L; 0 to…

Lactate Basic Information Definition Lactate is the organic anion of lactic acid. It is produced in excess during anaerobic metabolism as the end product of glycolysis. l-lactate is the predominating…

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Basic Information Definition Cytoplasmic enzyme found within hepatocytes, erythrocytes, and muscle (skeletal and cardiac) Typical Normal Range (US Units; SI Units) 147 to 581 U/L Physiology • Lactate…

Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure

Colitis/Diarrhea, Acute Basic Information Definition Inflammation of the colon Epidemiology Risk Factors • Stress: shipping, routine changes, illness, hospitalization • Recent diet changes • Recent antimicrobial administration • Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory…

Lymphocytes (Lymphocytosis, Lymphopenia) Basic Information Definition Lymphocytes consist of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. These cells are an integral part of the humoral and cell-mediated immune response….

Lipemia Basic Information Definition Lipemia is the presence of excess fat (triglycerides) in the blood of a sufficient magnitude to impart a visible lactescent (milky) appearance to serum or plasma…

Retained Fetal Membranes Basic Information Definition Failure to expel all or part of the fetal membranes within 3 hours of delivery of a foal Synonym(s) Retained placenta, retained afterbirth Epidemiology…

Abnormal Breathing

White Blood Cells Basic Information Definition White blood cells consist of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and lymphocytes. Occasionally, mast cells can be observed in the tissue and the…