Granulomatous meningoencephalitis
9 Granulomatous meningoencephalitis INITIAL PRESENTATION Staring into space while lying on the sofa. INTRODUCTION Looking in one direction for an extended period of time is often a sign of cerebral…
SMALL ANIMAL
Secretions
26 Secretions INCREASED TEAR PRODUCTION: EPIPHORA Presenting signs Overflowing tears, tear staining of the medial canthus. Cause Reflex lacrimation occurs in response to eye pain which should be evident on…
Meningioma
18 Meningioma INITIAL PRESENTATION Seizures. SIGNALMENT A 15-year-old male standard wirehaired dachshund. CASE PRESENTING SIGNS Seizures. CASE HISTORY Two seizures had occurred, 2 months apart. The dog was normal inter-ictally….
Skull tumour
17 Skull tumour INITIAL PRESENTATION Seizures. INTRODUCTION Head trauma usually has to be severe to cause lasting signs. SIGNALMENT An 11-year-old female Jack Russell terrier. CASE PRESENTING SIGNS A recent…
Head trauma
5 Head trauma INITIAL PRESENTATION Obtunded, stupor, coma. INTRODUCTION Being hit by a car, human, large animal, falling tree or furniture, being shot at or in a dog fight are…
Taking a history
1 Taking a history INTRODUCTION Allowing the client to describe the problem without interruption is the fastest way to take a complete history. Admittedly, the information usually arrives in a…
Defecation: Faecal incontinence
12 Defecation Faecal incontinence INITIAL PRESENTATION Appears aware but unable to control the urge; appears unaware and drops faeces when walking, lying down, in bed; has poor control of defecation…
Psychological
13 Psychological INTRODUCTION High levels of activity are normal for certain breeds and ages of dog. It is often rewarded and reinforced inadvertently by owner attention. Hyperactivity is overdiagnosed in…
Seizures – an introduction
16 Seizures – an introduction Seizures originate from the brain. They are the physical manifestation of abnormal synchronous electrical discharge in the brain. The brain can be stimulated to do…
Metabolic encephalopathy: insulinoma
6 Metabolic encephalopathy insulinoma INITIAL PRESENTATION Altered behaviour (agitation or lethargy), decreased mental alertness, seizures, exercise intolerance, weakness or collapse commonly occur. Stupor and coma may result. INTRODUCTION Cerebral dysfunction…
