DyspnoeaCrackles on auscultationOpen mouth breathingCough* Muffled lung soundsPale or cyanotic mucous membranes Cardiovascular system Muffled heart soundsTachycardiaBradycardiaIrregular rhythm and pulse deficitsGallop rhythm† Murmurs‡ Weak pulsesJugular distension and pulsationSlow CRT CNS…
Prolapsed Globe Prolapse of the globe is an acute displacement of the globe from the orbit, beyond the plane of the eyelids. This may occur as a result of impact…
Offer food and water (specify type and calculate RER) and record volume ingested as directed/dictated by method of feeding RER, resting energy expenditure. Fluid Balance Many critical patients have an…
Early Intervention Most veterinary patients will develop CPA due to progressive systemic illness, trauma or other processes resulting in hospitalisation. The best method to improve survival from CPA is to…
Knowing the nature of the problem, along with the signalment of the animal, allows a great deal of preparation to occur prior to the patient’s arrival (see Figure 1.2); this…
Attempts at manual removal are limited to puppies and kittens protruding from the vaginal vault. Use of water-based sterile lubricant and gentle traction with fingers is the safest approach. Once…
Table 2.1 Examples of areas that are monitored in critical patients Organ function: Respiratory system Cardiovascular system Central nervous system Urinary system Gastrointestinal system Fluid and electrolyte balance: Hydration status Fluids…
Blood Gas Analysis Blood gas analysis gives us information about both pulmonary function and acid–base status and is essential in order to make a diagnosis, provide treatment and monitor the…
The ideal general anaesthetic agent has the following properties: provides humane restraint, is consistent and reliable, having the same effects each time it is used, has a wide safety margin,…
