Spinal Cord Injury: The Lamprey Model
Fig. 1. Model of the locomotor system in the lamprey. Neuronal oscillators are distributed along the spinal cord and are coupled by a coordinating system to form central pattern generator…
The Pathological Findings in Traumatic Injury to the Human Spinal Cord
Fig. 1. Hyperflexion injury is typically associated with an anterior spinal cord syndrome, with spastic paraplegia and hypalgesia and sparing of posterior column sensation (LCST lateral corticospinal tract, LST lateral…
Using Naturally Occurring Spinal Cord Injury in Domestic Dogs to Explore Novel Therapeutic Options
Fig. 1. Clinical aspects of canine spinal cord injury. (a) T1-weighted transverse MRI scan of the spinal cord close to the thoracolumbar junction in a normal dog; (b) comparable level…
The Cat Model of Spinal Cord Injury
Fig. 1. General methodology for the study of locomotion in cats with spinal lesions. With a complete lesion of the spinal cord at T13, cats are positioned with their forelimbs…
No-Laminectomy Spinal Cord-Transected Murine Model
Fig. 1. Spinal cord transection. The vertebral column is gently tilted up with forceps allowing microscissors to cut intervertebral ligaments and to be inserted intervertebrally for a transection of the…
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Experimental Spinal Cord Injury
Fig. 1. Mouse (left) and rat (right) MRI at 28 days following a moderate SCI. Images were taken using a T1-weighted protocol (a, b), a T1-weighted protocol with Gd contrast…
Animal Models of Spinal Cord Ischemia
Fig. 1. A comparative overview of spinal cord blood vessels often targeted when modeling ischemic spinal cord injury caused by aortic cross clamping. In humans, the anterior spinal artery and…
Dorsal Root Injury for the Study of Spinal Cord Injury Repair
Fig. 1. Intact, lumbar dorsal root of adult rat. Horizontal section through several dorsal rootlets, immunostained with antibodies to laminin (green) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; red ). The…
Spinal Cord Injury: Modern Clinical Management and Its Correlation to Advances in Basic Science
Nerve cell disability Environmental factors Nerve cell body response Presence of growth inhibiting factors Scar tissue formation Formation of cavities and cysts at, below, and above the level of injury…
The Spinal Cord: Functional Organization, Diseases, and Dysfunctions
C1–C4 Skull, neck, upper thoracic area C3–C5 Diaphragm (lower thoracic area) C5 Shoulder C5–C7 Elbow C6 Wrist C7–T1 Finger C8 Thumb T1, T12 Chest wall and abdominal L2–L4 Hip L3…
