R Rectal Palpation SYNONYMS Digital palpation, rectal exam, transrectal palpation OVERVIEW AND GOALS Tactile assessment of the urethra, caudal aspect of the trigone of the urinary bladder, bony pelvic canal,…
C Calcium, Serum DEFINITION Essential mineral with important regulatory functions (cell signaling). Serum total calcium includes protein-bound (35%), anioncomplexed (10%), and ionized (55%) fractions. TYPICAL NORMAL RANGE • Total Ca2+:…
P Panting Causes Modified with permission from King L: Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats, St Louis, 2004, Saunders, p 47. Elevated ambient temperature Overweight/obesity Fever, hyperthermia Anxiety,…
O Obesity, Causes of/Contributors to Excess caloric intake Insufficient physical activity Neutering Hypothyroidism Hyperadrenocorticism Hypothalamic disorders Chronic steroid or antiepileptic drug use Orthopedic disease AUTHOR: DR. KATHRYN MICHEL Optic Nerve…
I Inhalant Medication Administration OVERVIEW AND GOAL To deliver medication to the respiratory tract with maximal efficacy and minimal side effects INDICATIONS Virtually any disease of the respiratory tract for…
N Nasal Discharge and Sneezing Causes of Concurrent Nasal Discharge and Sneezing From Willard M, Tvedten H: Small animal clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods, ed 4, St Louis, 2004, Saunders….
I Icterus Differential Diagnosis of Icterus Ileus Causes From Ettinger S, Feldman E: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 6, St Louis, 2005, Saunders. Physical Intestinal obstruction Overdistention by aerophagia…
D Defibrillation, Electrical OVERVIEW AND GOALS Electrical defibrillation is the treatment of choice for cardiac arrest characterized by ventricular fibrillation. It consists of application of an electric shock to the…
