Veterian Key

Decreased Fecal Output Decreased intake Low-bulk diet, such as complete pellets only Cecal, large colon, or small colon impaction Foreign body

Colic in the Adult Horse Gastrointestinal causes Large intestine Displacement Left dorsal displacement of the large colon (nephrosplenic) Right dorsal displacement of the large colon Large colon volvulus Obstruction Cecal,…

Cervical Defects Persistent/chronic endometrial infection: Endometrial infections may be found secondary to a cervical defect, but should be diagnosed and treated prior to surgical intervention. Endometrial infections can also be…

Cardiovascular Association of Poor Performance Arrhythmias Atrial premature complexes Ventricular premature complexes Atrial fibrillation Supraventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia Advanced second-degree atrioventricular block Complete third-degree atrioventricular block Congenital, valvular, or myocardial…

Cardiac Murmurs, Causes Differential Diagnosis Cardiac Murmur Lesion Identified by Echocardiography, Catheterization, or Necropsy Functional murmurs* No identifiable lesions Congenital heart disease murmurs Defect(s) in the atrial or ventricular septa,…

Cardiovascular Disease Congenital cardiac malformation Simple systemic-to-pulmonary shunts (left to right) Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Paramembranous defect Ventricular inlet defect Subarterial (subpulmonic) defect Muscular defect Patent ductus arteriosus…

Bitting Problems Soft tissue origin Tongue lacerations Foreign bodies trapped within the mouth Pinched soft tissue at commissures of mouth

Anemia, Nonregenerative Iron deficiency Chronic hemorrhage Nutritional deficiency (rare) Chronic disease Chronic infection/inflammation Pleuritis/pneumonia Peritonitis/enteritis Bacterial endocarditis Internal abscess