Nasolacrimal Duct Cannulation
Figure 68.2 The passage of a 5-French polypropylene catheter in a retrograde fashion into the nasal punctum to facilitate flushing of the NL duct. For animals with suspected atresia or…
Cystocentesis
Figure 51.2 Transabdominal ultrasound image of the urinary bladder in an alpaca. The ideal site for needle insertion is the curvature of the urinary bladder as it contacts the body…
Intraperitoneal Cannula for Plasma or Fluid Administration
Figure 19.2 A No. 15 scalpel blade may be used to create a small skin incision to facilitate passage of the cannula. Figure 19.3 The skin incision may be made…
Ocular Extirpation
Practice Tip to Facilitate Procedure Uncontrolled parasympathetic responses have been observed during enucleation in camelids. Vagal response is noted by acute, severe bradycardia and hypotension. Although rare, the surgeon and…
Conjunctivorhinostomy for Alleviation of Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
Practice Tip to Facilitate Procedure A magnification lens with built-in light source facilitates visualization of the distal NL duct opening. This procedure is greatly facilitated by sedation or general anesthesia….
Lumbo-Sacral Epidural Anesthesia
Figure 22.2 One to two milliliters of 2% lidocaine are injected into the subcutaneous tissues en route to the epidural space. Insert the needle through the skin and approximately 1…
Examination of the Scrotum and Testicles
Ultrasonography of the scrotum can be done using a sector scan probe or a linear array probe. High MHz probes are desired to increase the resolution of the tissues being…
Thorax Anatomy and Auscultation
Figure 32.2 Postmortem specimen in left lateral recumbency with ribs resected, showing the orientation of the thoracic organs. The cardiac notch of the right lung is labeled (A). Figure 32.3…
Cesarean Section (also known as Hysterotomy)
Practice Tip to Facilitate Procedure Infiltration of lidocaine for local anesthesia can easily accumulate dosages approaching toxicity. The total body dosage of lidocaine should not exceed 4 mg/kg body weight (1…
Teat and Udder Examination
Milk and Mastitis Llama milk differs from that of other traditional livestock species, having more protein, sugar, and calcium and less fat, sodium, potassium, and chloride than other ruminants. Acute…
