2.
Shoulson I, Asbury A, McKhann GM, McDonald I (1986) Huntington’s Disease: The disease of the nervous system. Ardmore Medical Books (W. B. Saunders): Philadephia
3.
Maragos WF, Young KL, Altman CS, Pocernich CB, Drake J, Butterfield DA, Seif I, Holschneider DP, Chen K, Shih JC (2004) Striatal damage and oxidative stress induced by the mitochondrial toxin malonate are reduced in clorgyline-treated rats and MAO-A deficient mice. Neurochem Res 29(4):741–746PubMed
4.
The Huntington’s Collaborative Group (1993) A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes. Cell 72:971–983
5.
Koutouzis TK, Emerich D, Borlongan CV, Freeman TB, Cahill DW, Sanberg PR (1991) Cell transplantation for central nervous system disorders. CRC Crit Rev Neurobiol 3:25–162
6.
Zorumski CF, Olney JW (1993) Excitotoxic neuronal damage and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Pharm Ther 59:145–162
7.
Albin RL, Greenamyre JT (1992) Alternative excitotoxic hypothesis. Neurol 42:733–738
8.
Ankarcrona M, Dypbukt JM. Bonfoco E, Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S, Lipton SA, Nicotera P (1995) Glutamate induced neuronal death: a succession of necrosis or apoptosis depending on mitochondrial function. Neuron 15:961–973
9.
Beal MF (1992) Does impairment of energy metabolism result in excitotoxic neuronal death in neurodegenerative illnesses? Ann Neurol 31:119–130PubMed
10.
Cox JA, Lysko PG, Henneberry RC (1989) Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in cultured neurons: role of the voltage-dependent magnesium block. Brain Res 499:267–272PubMed
11.
Novelli A, Reilly LA, Lysko PG, Henneberry RC (1988) Glutamate becomes neurotoxic via the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor when intracellular energies are reduced. Brain Res 451:205–212PubMed
12.
Koroshetz WJ, Jenkins BG, Beal MF, Rosen BR (1992) Localized proton-NMR spectroscopy in patients with Huntington’s disease (HD) demonstrates abnormal lactate levels in occipital cortex: evidence for compromised metabolism in HD. Neurology 42:319
13.
Sanberg PR, Coyle JT (1984) Scientific approaches to Huntington’s disease. CRC Crit Rev Clin Neurobiol 1:1–44PubMed
14.
Hantraye P, Riche D, Maziere M, Isacson O (1990) A primate model of Huntington’s disease: behavioural and anatomical studies of unilateral excitotoxic lesions of the caudate-putaman in the baboon. Exp Neurol 108:91–104PubMed
15.
Isacson O, Brundin P, Gage FH, Bjorkland A (1985) Neural grafting in the rat model of Huntington’s disease: progressive neuro-chemical changes after neostriatal ibotenate lesions and tissue grafting. Neurosci 16:799–817
16.
Beal MF, Broulillet E, Jenkins BG, Ferrante RJ, Kowall NW, Miller JM, Storey E, Strivastava R, Rosen BR, Hyman BT (1993) Neurochemical and histologic characterization of striatal excitotoxic lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. J Neurosci 13:4181–4182PubMed
17.
Ludolph AC, He F, Spencer PF, Hammerstad J, Sabri M (1991) 3-Nitropropionic acid-exogenous animal neurotoxin and possible human striatal toxin. Can J Neurol Sci 18:492–498PubMed
18.
Brouillet E, Jenkins BG, Hyman BT, Ferrante RJ, Kowall NW, Strivastava R, Roy DS, Rosen BR, Beal MF (1993) Age dependent vulnerability of the striatum to the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. J Neutochem 60:356–359
19.
Nishino H, Shimano Y, Kumazaki M, Sakurai T (1995) Chronically administered 3-nitropropionic acid induces striatal lesions attributed to dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier. Neurosci Lett 186:161–164PubMed
20.
Shimano Y, Kumazaki M, Sakurai T, Hida H, Fujimoto I, Fukuda A, Nishino H (1995) Chronically administered 3-nitropropionic acid produces selective lesions in the striatum and reduces muscle tonus. Obesity Res 3:779–784
21.
Hamilton BF, Gould DH (1987) Nature and distribution of brain lesions in rats intoxicated with 3-nitropropionic acid: a type of hypoxic (energy deficient) brain damage. Acta Neuropathol 72:286–297PubMed
22.
Bossi SR, Simpson JR, Isacson O (1993) Age dependence of striatal neuronal death caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Neuroreport 4:73–76PubMed
23.
Borlongan CV, Koutouzis TK, Cahill DW, Freeman TB, Sanberg PR (1995) Systemic 3-nitropropionic acid: behavioral deficits and striatal damage in rats. Brain Res Bull 36:549–556PubMed
24.
Koutouzis TK, Borlongan CV, Scorcia T, Creese, I, Cahill DW, Freeman T B, Sanberg PR (1994) Systemic 3-nitropropionic acid: long effects on locomotor behavior. Brain Res Rev 64:242–244
25.
Filloux F, Wagster MV, Folstein S, Price DL, Hedreen JC, Dawson TM, Wamsley JK (1990) Nigral dopamine type-1 are reduced in Huntington’s disease: a postmortem autoradiographic study using the [3H] SCH23390 and correlation with [3H] forskolin binding. Exp Neurol 110:219–227PubMed
26.
Gould DH, Gustine DL (1982) Basal ganglia degeneration, myelin alterations, and enzyme inhibition in mice induced by the plant toxin 3- nitropropionic acid. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 8:377–393PubMed
27.
Zorumski CF, Olney JW (1993) Excitotoxic neuronal damage and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Pharm Ther 59:145–162
28.
Borlongan CV, Koutouzis TK, Cahill DW, Freeman TB, Sanberg PR (1995) Behavioral pathology induced by repeated systemic injections of 3-nitropropionic acid mimics the motoric symptoms of Huntington’s disease. Brain Res 697:254–257PubMed
29.
Bruyn GW (1968) Huntington’s chorea, historical, clinical and laboratory synopsis. Handbook Clin Neurol 6:298–378
30.
Brouillet E, Hantraye P, Dolan R, Leroy-Willig A, Bottlaender M. Isacson O, Maziere M, Ferrante RJ, Beal MF (1993) Soc Neurosci Absa 19:409
31.
Koutouzis TK, Borlongan CV, Cahill DW, Freeman TB, Sanberg PR (1994) Intrastriatal 3-nitropropionic acid: a behavioral assessment. Neuroreport 5:2241–2245PubMed
32.
Mettler, FA (1972) Choreoathetosis and striopallidonigral necrosis due to sodium azide. Exp. Neurol. 34:291–308PubMed
33.
Stober T, Wussow W, Schimrigk K (1984) Bicaudate diameter – the most specific and simplified CT parameter in the diagnosis of Huntington’s disease. Neuroradiol 26:25–28
34.
Almeida S, Domingues A, Rodrigues L, Oliveira CR, Rego AC (2004) FK506 prevents mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic cell death induced by 3-nitropropionic acid in rat primary cortical cultures. Neurobiol Dis 17(3):435–444PubMed
35.
Luchowska E, Luchowski P, Wielosz M, Turski WA, Urbanska EM (2003) FK506 attenuates 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium- and 3-nitropropionic acid-evoked inhibition of kynurenic acid synthesis in rat cortical slices. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 63(2):101–108
36.
Maciel EN, Kowaltowski AJ, Schwalm FD, Rodrigues JM, Souza DO, Vercesi AE, Wajner M, Castilho RF (2004) Mitochondrial permeability transition in neuronal damage promoted by Ca2+ and respiratory chain complex II inhibition. J Neurochem 90(5):1025–1035PubMed
37.
Keller JN, Guo Q, Holtsberg FW, Bruce-Keller AJ, Mattson MP (1998) Increased sensitivity to mitochondrial toxin-induced apoptosis in neural cells expressing mutant presenilin-1 is linked to perturbed calcium homeostasis and enhanced oxyradical production. J Neurosci 18(12):4439–4450PubMed
38.
Mao Z, Choo YS, Lesort M (2006) Cystamine and cysteamine prevent 3-NP-induced mitochondrial depolarization of Huntington’s disease knock0in striatal cells. Eur J Neurosci 23(7):1701–1710PubMed
39.
Lee J, Kim CH, Simon DK, Aminova LR, Andreyev AY, Kushnareva YE, et al. (2005) Mitochondrial cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) mediates mitochondrial gene expression and neuronal survival. J Biol Chem 280(49):40398–40401PubMed
40.
Wu CL, Chen SD, Yin JH, Hwang CS, Yang DI (2010) Erythropoietin and sonic hedgehog mediate the neurotrophic factor against mitochondrial inhibition. Neurobiol Dis 40(1):146–154PubMed
41.
Calkins MJ, Townsend JA, Johnson DA, Johnson JA (2010) Cystamine protects from 3-nitropropionic acid lesioning via induction of nf-e2 related factor 2 mediated transcription. Exp Neurol 224(1):307–317PubMed
42.
Shih AY, Imbeault S, Barakauskas V, Erb H, Jiang L, Li P, Murphy TH (2005) Induction of the Nrf2-driven antioxidant response confers neuroprotection during mitochondrial stress in vivo. J Biol Chem 280(24):22925–22936PubMed
43.
Wang L, Ankati H, Akubathini SK, Balderamos M, Storey CA, Patel AV, Price V, Kretzschmar D, Biehl ER, D’Mello SR (2010) Identification of novel 1,4-benzoxazine compounds that are protective in tissue culture and in vivo models of neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 88(9):1970–1984PubMed
44.
Tantucci M, Mariucci G, Taha E, Spaccatini C, Tozzi A, Luchetti E, Calabresi P, Ambrosini MV (2009) Induction of heat shock protein 70 reduces the alteration of striatal electrical activity caused by mitochondrial impairment. Neuroscience 163(3):735–740PubMed
< div class='tao-gold-member'>
Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register a > to continue