22 Post-ictal behaviour change INITIAL PRESENTATION Multiple seizures, behaviour change. INTRODUCTION Status epilepticus is defined as repeated seizure activity without an intermission or seizure activity lasting more than 5 minutes, or…
9 Granulomatous meningoencephalitis INITIAL PRESENTATION Staring into space while lying on the sofa. INTRODUCTION Looking in one direction for an extended period of time is often a sign of cerebral…
8 Metabolic encephalopathy osmolality INITIAL PRESENTATION Anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, ataxia, muscle weakness, tremors, altered mental state and behaviour, seizures and coma. INTRODUCTION Osmolality is the number of solute particles in…
26 Secretions INCREASED TEAR PRODUCTION: EPIPHORA Presenting signs Overflowing tears, tear staining of the medial canthus. Cause Reflex lacrimation occurs in response to eye pain which should be evident on…
18 Meningioma INITIAL PRESENTATION Seizures. SIGNALMENT A 15-year-old male standard wirehaired dachshund. CASE PRESENTING SIGNS Seizures. CASE HISTORY Two seizures had occurred, 2 months apart. The dog was normal inter-ictally….
17 Skull tumour INITIAL PRESENTATION Seizures. INTRODUCTION Head trauma usually has to be severe to cause lasting signs. SIGNALMENT An 11-year-old female Jack Russell terrier. CASE PRESENTING SIGNS A recent…
13 Psychological INTRODUCTION High levels of activity are normal for certain breeds and ages of dog. It is often rewarded and reinforced inadvertently by owner attention. Hyperactivity is overdiagnosed in…
12 Defecation Faecal incontinence INITIAL PRESENTATION Appears aware but unable to control the urge; appears unaware and drops faeces when walking, lying down, in bed; has poor control of defecation…
1 Taking a history INTRODUCTION Allowing the client to describe the problem without interruption is the fastest way to take a complete history. Admittedly, the information usually arrives in a…
5 Head trauma INITIAL PRESENTATION Obtunded, stupor, coma. INTRODUCTION Being hit by a car, human, large animal, falling tree or furniture, being shot at or in a dog fight are…
