After completing this chapter, you will be able to • Set up and prepare the patient for each procedure, perform the procedure (when appropriate), or assist the clinician in performing diagnostic sampling and medication procedures • Properly insert and maintain an intravenous catheter and monitor the catheter for complications • Explain the rationale and indications for each of the clinical procedures described • Set up materials and equipment and prepare the patient as needed for the procedure • Assist the veterinarian when performing the procedure or perform the procedure when it may be appropriate for a veterinary technician to do so • Perform or assist necropsy and sample collection procedures and maintain a safe environment during these procedures Clinical procedures for sheep and goats are very similar to those for cattle. The following procedures are described for cattle in Chapter 11. All procedures should be followed as they are discussed for cattle; however, this chapter outlines necessary alterations to perform these procedures on small ruminants. Preparation for venous blood collection is the same as described for cattle in Chapter 11. The jugular vein is most often used for venous sampling. In sheep, the jugular vein can be accessed with the animal standing or in the “set-up” rump position (Fig. 15-1). Normal values for complete blood count and blood chemistry for sheep and goats are listed in Tables 15-1 to 15-4. TABLE 15-1 Complete Blood Count Normal Values for Sheep TABLE 15-2 Complete Blood Count Normal Values for Goats
Ovine and Caprine Clinical Procedures
Diagnostic Sampling
Venous Blood Sampling
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
Packed cell volume
24%–50% (average 38)
Hemoglobin
8–16 g/dl (average 12)
Red blood cells
8–16 × 106 /µl (average 12)
Total protein
6–7.5 g/dl
White blood cells
4–12 × 103/µl (average 8)
Platelets
2.5–7.5 × 105/µl (average 4)
Mean corpuscular volume
23–48 fl (average 33)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
9–13 pg
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
31–38 g/gl (average 33.5)
Bone marrow
0.77–1.68 : 1 myeloid/erythroid ratio (average 1.1 : 1)
DIFFERENTIAL, ABSOLUTE
Segs
10%–50%
700–6000 (average 2400)
Bands
Rare
Lymphocytes
40%–75%
2000–9000 (average 5000)
Monocytes
0.6%
0–750 (average 200)
Eosinophils
0.1%
0–1000 (average 400)
Basophils
0%–3%
0–300 (average 50)
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
Packed cell volume
22%–38%
Hemoglobin
12.8–17.6 g/dl
Red blood cells
11.3–17.5 × 106 /µl
Total protein
6.5–7 g/dl
White blood cells
4–13 × 103/µl
Platelets
3–6 × 105/µl
Mean corpuscular volume
16–25 fl
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
5.2–8 pg
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
30–36 g/gl
Bone marrow
0.7–1.0 : 1 myeloid/erythroid ratio
DIFFERENTIAL, ABSOLUTE
Segs
30%–48%
1.2–7.2
Bands
Rare
Lymphocytes
50%–70%
2–9
Monocytes
0%–4%
0–0.55
Eosinophils
1%–8%
0.05–0.65
Basophils
0%–1%
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