T

T



Tachycardia




Differential Diagnosis for a Rapid Heart Rate



Sinus tachycardia:
Excitement

Pain

Toxicosis (e.g., chocolate; digitalis; aminophylline/theophylline; pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, and related compounds)

Sepsis

Hypotension

Congestive heart failure

Systemic illness (e.g., hyperthyroidism, fever, anemia)

Atrial flutter

Atrial fibrillation

Atrial/junctional tachycardias

Preexcitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, others)

Ventricular tachycardia

Ventricular flutter

Torsade de pointes


Tenesmus/Dyschezia




Causes


From Ettinger S, Feldman E: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 6, St Louis, 2005, Saunders.



Colorectal Disease



Constipation

Colitis-proctitis:
Inflammatory bowel disease

Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis)

Clostridium perfringens (enterotoxicosis)

Prototheca zopfii (protothecosis)

Rectal stricture

Neoplasia: polyps

Foreign material

Irritable bowel syndrome


Perineal-Perianal Disease



Anal sacculitis, impaction, or abscess

Anal sac neoplasia

Perianal fistula

Perineal hernia


Urogenital Disease



Cystitis-urethritis-vaginitis

Obstructive material—urethral calculi, foreign body

Prostatitis-prostatic abscess

Parturition

Neoplasia of the urethra, bladder, prostate, or vagina


Miscellaneous Causes



Caudal abdominal cavity mass

Pelvic fracture: neoplasia


Testicular Dimension Abnormalities




Diseases That Cause Change in Testicular Size


From Bonagura J: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XIII, St Louis, 2000, Saunders.























Large Testes Small Testes
Neoplasia Hypoplasia
Acute infection Chronic inflammation
Testicular torsion Cryptorchidism
Inguinoscrotal hernia Degeneration
Sperm granuloma Intersex


Third Eyelid (Nictitating Membrane) Abnormalities




Differential Diagnosis of Prominent Third Eyelid/Third Eyelid Protrusion, and Treatment Approaches


From Slatter D: Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders.



Prominent Third Eyelid With Focal Abnormality


Curled or scrolled leading edge: excise abnormal cartilage


Pink, fleshy mass protruding between globe and third eyelid in a young dog (“cherry eye”): surgically reposition the gland


Pink, fleshy mass protruding between globe and third eyelid in an old dog: possible neoplasia; biopsy or complete excision of third eyelid


Mass within or on anterior surface of third eyelid: biopsy or local excision with or without adjunctive therapy; larger masses may require complete excision of third eyelid.



Generalized Enlargement of Third Eyelid


Thickened and depigmented; may have corneal involvement (chronic superficial keratoconjunctivitis; “pannus”): conjunctival scraping or biopsy; treat with topical corticosteroids, cyclosporine.


Thickened and inflamed with firm, fibrous nodules; cornea, episclera, and bulbar conjunctiva are also often involved: biopsy; treat on basis of breed and biopsy results (collie: nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis; other breeds: ocular nodular fasciitis)


Diffuse, generalized enlargement of third eyelid or gland of the third eyelid: aspiration or biopsy; lymphoma or other systemic neoplasia



Prominent Third Eyelid Only


Nonpigmented leading edge: appears prominent but needs no therapy


Secondary to pain: check for corneal ulcer, foreign body, or other source of ocular or intraocular pain.


Horner’s syndrome: look for other signs of miosis, ptosis, and enophthalmos; attempt to localize lesion and treat if needed.


Secondary to orbital disease: enophthalmos may lead to passive protrusion or orbital mass; cellulitis or myositis may displace third eyelid, causing protrusion.


Systemic disease, such as tetanus Nonpigmented leading edge/margin (seen congenitally as a normal variant): appears prominent but needs no therapy

< div class='tao-gold-member'>

Related posts:

  1. D
  2. Y
  3. E
  4. K

Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel
Tags:
Jul 24, 2016 | Posted by in SMALL ANIMAL | Comments Off on T

Full access? Get Clinical Tree
Get Clinical Tree app for offline access