1 Cranial limit of left cranial lung lobe
2 Cranial limit of right cranial lung lobe
3 Ventral border of caudal lung lobe
4 Dorsal border of caudal lung lobe
5 Tracheal lumen
6 Left cranial lobe bronchus. End-on luminal projection at bifurcation into bronchi for cranial and caudal segments
7 Right cranial lobe bronchus. End-on luminal projection
8 Right cranial bronchial lumen
9 Left cranial bronchus, cranial segment bronchial lumen
10 Left cranial bronchus, caudal segment bronchial lumen
11 Right middle bronchial lumen
12 Left caudal bronchial lumen
13 Segmental bronchial lumen of left caudal bronchus
14 Right caudal bronchial lumen
15 Segmental bronchial lumen of right caudal bronchus
16 Cardiac shadow
17 Diaphragmatic shadow
17(a) Left ‘crus’
17(b) Right ‘crus’
17(c) Cupola
18 1st thoracic vertebrae
19 12th thoracic vertebrae
20 Manubrium of sternum
21 Xiphoid of sternum
Figure 759 Bronchography in the dog. Line drawing of dorsoventral bronchogram. (Corresponds to original radiograph not included in the book. The radiograph was taken during general anaesthesia, 5 minutes following administration of contrast medium.) Rottweiler 5 months old, entire male (same dog as in Figure 758).
1 Cranial limit of left cranial lung lobe
2 Cranial limit of right cranial lung lobe
3 Caudal limit of left caudal lung lobe
4 Caudal limit of right caudal lung lobe
5 Tracheal lumen
6 Carina
7 Right stem bronchial lumen
8 Left stem bronchial lumen
9 Right cranial bronchial lumen
10 Left cranial bronchus, cranial segment bronchial lumen
11 Left cranial bronchus, caudal segment bronchial lumen
12 Right middle bronchial lumen
13 Left caudal bronchial lumen
14 Segmental bronchial lumen of left caudal bronchus
15 Right caudal bronchial lumen
16 Segmental bronchial lumen of right caudal bronchus
17 Accessory bronchial lumen
18 Cranial mediastinum
19 Cardiac shadow
20 Diaphragmatic shadow
21 1st rib
22 10th rib
Right lateral recumbent and ventrodorsal abdomen plain and contrast projections
Figure 760 Plain survey film. Right lateral recumbent projection of abdomen. (Approximately 60% of original size.)
Figures 760–777 Barium meal; barium in the gastrointestinal tract. Comprises, routinely, serial lateral recumbent and ventrodorsal radiographs of the abdomen and shows the appearance of liquid barium sulphate passing through the gastrointestinal tract over a period of up to 24 hours.
Restraint is by positioning aids, e.g. sandbags, and sedation where necessary.
Note that the appearance of the stomach can vary with species and dog breed conformation, the degree of distension and the ratio of fluid to gas. The distribution of fluid and gas depends on the radiographic projection being used.
Also, the gastric emptying and general transit times through the bowel can vary considerably according to the temperament of the animal, the type of any chemical restraint used, and whether there is residual ingesta in the tract.
Barium impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) provide an alternative to liquid barium in the investigation of suspected motility problems or blockages. They do not give any information about the nature of the gastrointestinal walls or mucosal linings. (See Figures 836 and 837, BIPS in the cat, 6 and 32 hours after oral administration.)
Barium meal in the dog. Right lateral recumbent and ventrodorsal projections of abdomen. Radiographs taken during restraint with sandbags before and following oral administration of liquid barium sulphate. Beagle dog adult, entire male (same dog in all figures for barium meal).
Figure 761 Plain survey film. Ventrodorsal projection of abdomen. (Approximately 60% of original size.)
Figure 762 Immediately after barium administration. Right lateral recumbent projection of abdomen. (Approximately 60% of original size.)
Streaks of barium show within the mucosal folds of the oesophagus whilst barium is already passing along the descending portion of the duodenum.
White arrows indicate ‘pseudoulcers’ in the duodenum (see also Figures 764 and 781).
1 Oesophagus
2 Cardia of the stomach
3 Fundus of the stomach
4 Body of the stomach
5 Pyloric antrum
6 Pyloric canal
7 Cranial flexure of the duodenum
8 Descending portion of the duodenum
9 Caudal flexure of the duodenum
Schematic drawing for location of pancreas: Figures 763 and 765
Figure 763 Schematic drawing of right lateral projection of abdomen. Immediately after barium administration to demonstrate the location of the pancreas.
A Left lobe of pancreas. Left lobe is approximately 1.5 times the width of the right lobe.
B Right lobe of pancreas
1 10th thoracic vertebra
2 6th lumbar vertebra
3 Transverse portion of colon
4 Left kidney
Figure 764 Immediately after barium administration. Ventrodorsal projection of abdomen. (Approximately 50% of original size.)
Streaks of barium within the oesophagus are more difficult to see in this projection because of the superimposition of the spine. Barium is pooled in the fundus of the stomach (compared with a dorsoventral projection, see Figure 780). Open arrows indicate ‘pseudoulcers’ in the duodenum (see also Figures 762 and 781).
1 Oesophagus
2 Cardia of the stomach
3 Fundus of the stomach
4 Body of the stomach
5 Pyloric antrum
6 Pyloric canal
7 Cranial flexure of the duodenum
8 Descending portion of the duodenum
9 Caudal flexure of the duodenum
Figure 765 Schematic drawing of ventrodorsal projection of abdomen immediately after barium administration, to demonstrate the location of the pancreas.
A Left lobe of pancreas. Left lobe is approximately 1.5 times the width of right lobe
B Right lobe of pancreas
1 10th thoracic vertebra
2 6th lumbar vertebra
3 Transverse portion of colon
4 Head of spleen
Figure 766 Thirty minutes after barium administration. Right lateral recumbent projection of abdomen. (Approximately 70% of original size.)
2 Cardia of the stomach
3 Fundus of the stomach
4 Body of the stomach
5 Pyloric antrum
6 Pyloric canal
7 Cranial flexure of the duodenum
8 Descending portion of the duodenum
9 Caudal flexure of the duodenum
10 Ascending portion of the duodenum
11 Duodenojejunal flexure
12 Loops of jejunum and ileum
Figure 767 Thirty minutes after barium administration. Ventrodorsal projection of abdomen. (Approximately 60% of original size.)
Rugal folds of the stomach wall are seen well here, in cross-section (arrows). Bubbles of gas are highlighted by the barium within jejunal loops.
3 Fundus of the stomach
4 Body of the stomach
5 Pyloric antrum
7 Cranial flexure of the duodenum
8 Descending portion of the duodenum
9 Caudal flexure of the duodenum
10 Ascending portion of the duodenum
11 Duodenojejunal flexure
12 Loops of jejunum and ileum
Figure 768 One hour after barium administration. Right lateral recumbent projection of abdomen. (Approximately 70% of original size.) The column of barium has reached the ileocolic junction.
3 Fundus of the stomach
4 Body of the stomach
5 Pyloric antrum
10 Ascending portion of the duodenum
12 Loops of jejunum and ileum
13 Terminal portion of the ileum
14 Ileocolic junction
Figure 769 One hour after barium administration. Ventrodorsal projection of abdomen. (Approximately 60% of original size.) The column of barium has reached the ileocolic junction.
3 Fundus of the stomach
4 Body of the stomach
7 Cranial flexure of the duodenum
8 Descending portion of the duodenum
10 Ascending portion of the duodenum
12 Loops of jejunum and ileum
13 Terminal portion of the ileum
14 Ileocolic junction
Figure 770 Two hours after barium administration. Right lateral recumbent projection of abdomen. (Approximately 70% of original size.)
Barium is starting to pass through the ileocolic sphincter.
3 Fundus of the stomach
4 Body of the stomach
7 Cranial flexure of the duodenum
9 Caudal flexure of the duodenum
10 Ascending portion of the duodenum
12 Loops of jejunum and ileum
16 Ascending portion of the colon
Figure 771 Two hours after barium administration. Ventrodorsal projection of abdomen. (Approximately 60% of original size.)
Barium is starting to pass into the ascending portion of the colon.
3 Fundus of the stomach
5 Pyloric antrum
7 Cranial flexure of the duodenum
8 Descending portion of the duodenum
9 Caudal flexure of the duodenum
10 Ascending portion of the duodenum
12 Loops of jejunum and ileum
13 Terminal portion of the ileum
14 Ileocolic junction
16 Ascending portion of the colon
Figure 772 Four hours after barium administration. Right lateral recumbent projection of abdomen. (Approximately 70% of original size.)
The caecum has filled as well as the ascending portion of the colon.
3 Fundus of the stomach
12 Loops of jejunum and ileum
15 Caecum
16 Ascending portion of the colon
17 Right colic flexure or hepatic flexure of the colon
Figure 773 Four hours after barium administration. Ventrodorsal projection of abdomen. (Approximately 60% of original size.)
Much of the barium has collected in the caecum, well demonstrated in this projection.
3 Fundus of the stomach
7 Cranial flexure of the duodenum
8 Descending portion of the duodenum
9 Caudal flexure of the duodenum
10 Ascending portion of the duodenum
12 Loops of jejunum and ileum
13 Terminal portion of the ileum
14 Ileocolic junction
15 Caecum
16 Ascending portion of the colon
17 Right colic flexure or hepatic flexure of the colon
18 Transverse portion of the colon
Figure 774 Six hours after barium administration. Right lateral recumbent projection of abdomen. (Approximately 70% of original size.)
Most of the barium is now within the colon.
12 Loops of jejunum and ileum
14 Ileocolic junction
15 Caecum
16 Ascending portion of the colon
17 Right colic flexure or hepatic flexure of the colon
19 Left colic flexure or splenic flexure of the colon
Figure 775 Six hours after barium administration. Ventrodorsal projection of abdomen. (Approximately 60% of original size.)
The caecum is emptying and barium has just reached the left colic flexure.
7 Cranial flexure of the duodenum
8 Descending portion of the duodenum
9 Caudal flexure of the duodenum
10 Ascending portion of the duodenum
12 Loops of jejunum and ileum
13 Terminal portion of the ileum
14 Ileocolic junction
15 Caecum
16 Ascending portion of the colon
17 Right colic flexure or hepatic flexure of the colon
18 Transverse portion of the colon
19 Left colic flexure or splenic flexure of the colon
Figure 776 Twenty-four hours after barium administration. Right lateral recumbent projection of abdomen. (Approximately 70% of original size.)
Some barium still remains in the descending portion of the colon and the rectum.
20 Descending portion of the colon
21 Rectum
Figure 777 Twenty-four hours after barium administration. Ventrodorsal projection of abdomen. (Approximately 70% of original size.)
Some barium still remains in the descending portion of the colon and the rectum.
20 Descending portion of the colon
21 Rectum
Right lateral recumbent thorax projection
Figure 778 Normal appearance of liquid barium sulphate within the thoracic oesophagus of the dog. Right lateral recumbent projection of thorax. (Approximately 60% of original size.)
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