Salter-Harris Fracture Classification

Salter-Harris Classification of Separations or Fracture-Separations Involving a Growth Plate and the Adjacent Metaphysis and Epiphysis

Type of Fracture	Radiographic Findings	Principal Anatomic Region Involved
Type 1	Physeal separation, displacement of the epiphysis from the metaphysis at the growth plate	Proximal humerus and femur, distal femur
Type 2	Small corner of the metaphyseal bone fractured, with displacement of the epiphysis from the metaphysis at the growth plate	Distal femur and humerus, proximal humerus, proximal tibia
Type 3	Fracture through the epiphysis and part of the growth plate, with the metaphysis unaffected	Distal humerus
Type 4	Fracture through the epiphysis, growth plate, and metaphysis; several fracture lines possible	Distal femur, distal humerus
Type 5	Compression of the growth plate. Soft-tissue swelling but no bony abnormalities seen following the injury.	Distal ulna, distal radius, distal femur

Modified from Piermattei D, Flo G: Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo’s handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair, ed 3, St Louis, 1997, Saunders.

Seizures

Causes

Modified from de Lahunta A: Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology, St Louis, 1983, Saunders.

Extracranial

Hypoxemia:

Cardiorespiratory disease (e.g., severe bradycardia or severe tachycardia, disorders producing polycythemia)

Hepatoencephalopathy

Renal disease, especially nephrotic syndrome (embolism)

“Garbage intoxication”

Polycythemia:

Right-to-left shunt (e.g., reversed patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, atrial or ventricular septal defect with concurrent pulmonic stenosis or pulmonary hypertension)

Renal neoplasm (erythropoietin-producing)

Chronic lung disease

Polycythemia vera

Idiopathic Epilepsy

FIP, Feline infectious peritonitis; GI, gastrointestinal.

Seizures: Causes Grouped According to Age

Prevalence of Common Seizure Disorders in Relation to Patient’s Age at Time of Onset of First Seizure

Modified with permission from Braund KB: Clinical syndromes in veterinary neurology, St Louis, 1994, Mosby, p 242.

Seizures: Characteristics and Differentiation

Seizures, Differentiation from Other Events

Seizures, Refractory or Poorly Controlled

Serotonin Syndrome–Inducing Agents

Substances That Potentially May Cause Serotonin Syndrome

Agent	General Comments for Each Category of Agent
Foods or supplements: L-5-HTP, L-tryptophan, Griffonia seed extract Aged cheese, chicken liver	• L-5-HTP is an OTC supplement used in humans for depression, insomnia; serotonin syndrome (SS) reported as a result of accidental ingestion in dogs. • Tyramine present in certain foods can interfere with MAO inhibitors’ action and enhance their toxicity.
Medications that increase presynaptic release of serotonin: Amphetamine Methylphenidate Ecstasy (MDMA; 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine) Bromocriptine l-dopa	• In addition to CNS excitation from amphetamine, signs of confusion, disorientation, hallucination, and rigidity may be due to SS. < div class='tao-gold-member'> Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register to continue Share this: Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window) Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Related Related posts: D Y G N Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel Tags: Clinical Veterinary Advisor Dogs and Cats Jul 24, 2016 \| Posted by admin in SMALL ANIMAL \| Comments Off on S Full access? Get Clinical Tree Get Clinical Tree app for offline access Get Clinical Tree app for offline access

Agent

General Comments for Each Category of Agent

Foods or supplements:

L-5-HTP, L-tryptophan, Griffonia seed extract

Aged cheese, chicken liver

• L-5-HTP is an OTC supplement used in humans for depression, insomnia; serotonin syndrome (SS) reported as a result of accidental ingestion in dogs.

• Tyramine present in certain foods can interfere with MAO inhibitors’ action and enhance their toxicity.

Medications that increase presynaptic release of serotonin:

Amphetamine

Methylphenidate

Ecstasy (MDMA; 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

Bromocriptine