Regurgitation

22 Regurgitation


Regurgitation is the passive expulsion of oesophageal or gastric contents from the oral cavity, and is most commonly the result of oesophageal disease. Regurgitation is the most common sign of, but not pathognomonic for, oesophageal disease, and other differential diagnoses, in particular pharyngeal disorders, must be considered. There are a large number of possible causes of regurgitation; some of the more common are listed in Box 22.1. In the author’s experience, megaoesophagus and oesophageal foreign bodies are the most common reasons for regurgitation in emergency patients.



BOX 22.1 Causes of regurgitation related to the oesophagus


Oesophageal obstruction



• Especially foreign body

• Stricture

• Congenital vascular ring anomaly

• Neoplasia

• Extraluminal compression (e.g. mediastinal or cervical mass)

• Hiatal hernia

Oesophagitis



• Gastro-oesophageal reflux (e.g. general anaesthesia, hiatal hernia)

• Drug-related (especially doxycycline)

• Dietary indiscretion (e.g. ingestion of caustic or corrosive substance)

• Secondary to oesophageal disease (e.g. foreign body, megaoesophagus)

Idiopathic (primary) megaoesophagus, congenital or acquired


Secondary megaoesophagus



• Myasthenia gravis, especially focal but also generalized

• Generalized neuromuscular disease

• Neuropathy, peripheral or central

• Hypothyroidism

• Hypoadrenocorticism


Clinical Tip



• Regurgitation must be differentiated from vomiting in particular by careful history-taking and sometimes actually observing the behaviour. A comparison of the main distinguishing features is presented in Table 22.1. Occasionally an animal may demonstrate both regurgitation and vomiting (e.g. with a sliding hiatal hernia).

• Signs consistent with possible oesophageal discomfort (e.g. pain on swallowing, repeated swallowing, arching of neck) are more suggestive of oesophagitis or foreign body obstruction rather than megaoesophagus.

Table 22.1 Comparison of regurgitation and vomiting





















Regurgitation Vomiting
No prodromal signs; signs associated with pain may mimic nausea Prodromal signs of nausea (e.g. hypersalivation, restlessness)
Passive (no abdominal contractions); postural changes associated with pain possible (e.g. stretching neck) Active with abdominal contractions
No consistent relationship with feeding No consistent relationship with feeding
Undigested (or digested) food, or liquid; undigested food often tubular in shape Digested food
No bile but may contain frothy saliva Bile may be present


Clinical Tip



• The airway is unprotected by the epiglottis during regurgitation and therefore there is a risk of inhalation. Aspiration pneumonia is a common and potentially life-threatening complication.


Approach to Regurgitation



Signalment


Signalment may help to raise or lower the index of suspicion for certain differential diagnoses. Puppies with regurgitation are most likely to be suffering from congenital abnormalities, especially vascular ring anomaly (often present soon after weaning) and idiopathic megaoesophagus. Oesophageal foreign bodies are more common in smaller dogs, while some breeds (e.g. Golden Retrievers, German Shepherd dogs) are at increased risk of megaoesophagus (see below).



History


It is important to question the owner carefully for a good description of the animal’s behaviour in order to differentiate regurgitation from vomiting and even retching or gagging (see Table 22.1). Other signs consistent with oesophageal disease may also be present and include hypersalivation, pain on eating and dysphagia. A history of coughing or respiratory abnormalities may suggest aspiration pneumonia.


In addition, the animal may be exhibiting other clinical signs that will help to raise the index of suspicion for localized versus generalized causes. There may also be a history of recent general anaesthesia or drug administration, or a witnessed or suspected episode of ingestion of an irritant substance.



Major body system examination


Physical examination findings are largely dependent on the underlying cause and may be completely normal in animals with localized oesophageal disease. Respiratory examination may be abnormal in animals with aspiration pneumonia (e.g. dyspnoea, harsh lung sounds, crackles); in severe cases there may be evidence of systemic cardiovascular compromise (sepsis) and possibly pyrexia. Signs of systemic disease, in particular neuromuscular, may be present in some cases, and weight loss occurs with chronic regurgitation. Puppies with congenital abnormalities are often thin and stunted.



Emergency database


The emergency database may well be unremarkable in a number of animals with regurgitation. Manual packed cell volume and serum total solids may be consistent with dehydration in some cases. Peripheral blood smear examination may demonstrate leucocytosis consistent with inflammatory disease, including moderate to severe oesophagitis, and neutrophils may show toxic changes and band forms with aspiration pneumonia (see Ch. 3). Megaoesophagus is occasionally identified in animals with hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease, see Ch. 34) and consistent abnormalities may be identified (hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, hypoglycaemia, azotaemia; lack of stress leucogram).



Diagnostic imaging


Plain thoracic radiographs (typically right lateral and dorsoventral (or left lateral) views) are useful in animals with regurgitation and may help to identify megaoesophagus, radiopaque oesophageal foreign bodies, aspiration pneumonia and mediastinal masses (Figures 22.1–22.3).


image

Figure 22.1 Right lateral thoracic radiograph in a dog showing megaoesophagus secondary to myasthenia gravis.

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Sep 3, 2016 | Posted by in SMALL ANIMAL | Comments Off on Regurgitation

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