Chapter 9 Rabbits
TABLE 9-1 Antimicrobial Agents Used in Rabbits.a
| Agent | Dosage | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Amikacin | 2-5 mg/kg SC, IM q8-12h62 | |
| 8-16 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q24h79 | Decreased toxicity when given once daily; for IV use, dilute in 4 mL/kg saline and give over 20 min | |
| 10 mg/kg SC, IM q8-12h6 | ||
| 1.25 g/20 g methylmethacrylate14 | Place in bone after surgical debridement of jaw abscess | |
| Azithromycin | 4-5 mg/kg IM q48h × 7 days26 | Effective against syphilis |
| 15-30 mg/kg PO q24h × 15 days104 | PD; appropriate dose for pulmonary infections | |
| Cefazolin | 2 g/20 g methylmethacrylate14 | Place in bone after surgical debridement of jaw abscess |
| Cefotaxime | 50 mg/kg IM q8h141 | Pneumococcal endocarditis |
| Ceftazidime | 50 mg/kg IM, IV q3h1 | PD |
| 100 mg/kg IM q12h182 | ||
| Ceftiofur | 2 g/20 g methylmethacrylate14 | Place in bone after surgical debridement of jaw abscess |
| Ceftriaxone (Rocephin, Roche) | 40 mg/kg IM q12h × 2 days93 or 3 days141 | Effective against syphilis,93 pneumococcal endocarditis141 |
| Cephalexin | — | Oral cephalosporins are not recommended60 |
| 15 mg/kg SC q12h60 | Parenteral form not available in the United States; not generally recommended | |
| Cephalothin | 12.5 mg/kg IM q6h × 6 days144 | Cephalosporins are generally not recommended;60 not available in the United States |
| 2 g/20 g methylmethacrylate14 | Place in bone after surgical debridement of jaw abscess | |
| Chloramphenicol | — | The use of chloramphenicol in food-producing animals is prohibited in the United States |
| 25 mg/kg PO q8-12h144 | ||
| 30 mg/kg PO q12h81 | ||
| 30 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q8-12h81,144 | ||
| 50 mg/kg PO, SC, IM, IV q8h71 | ||
| 55 mg/kg PO q12h × 4 wk153 | Effective against syphilis | |
| Chlortetracycline | 50 mg/kg PO q24h22 | |
| Ciprofloxacinb (Cipro, Bayer; Ciloxan, Alcon) | — | May cause arthropathies in young animals158 |
| 5-20 mg/kg PO q12h144 | Suspension in water is stable for 14 days | |
| 10-20 mg/kg PO q12h71 | ||
| 1 drop topical q8-12h58 | Nasal pasteurellosis; maintains therapeutic levels in tear film for at least 6 hr after application (tears drain into nasal sinus) | |
| Difloxacinb (Dicural, Fort Dodge) | 5 mg/kg IM, IV q24h3 | PD; dose appropriate for E. coli infections |
| Doxycycline | 2.5 mg/kg PO q12h28 | |
| 4 mg/kg PO q24h130 | ||
| Enrofloxacinb (Baytril, Bayer) | — | May cause arthropathies in young dogs, but similar effects using standard dosages in rabbits have not been reported; SC and IM injections may cause muscle necrosis or sterile abscesses; dilute before giving parenterally79 |
| 5 mg/kg IM, IV q12-24h44 | Angora rabbits/PD | |
| 5 mg/kg PO, SC, IM, IV q12h18,19,23 | PD;19,23 clinical trial for pasteurellosis, × 14 days18 | |
| 5-10 mg/kg PO, SC, IM q12h30 | Pasteurellosis | |
| 5-20 mg/kg PO, IM q12h × 14-30 days144 | Pasteurellosis | |
| 200 mg/L drinking water × 14 days18 | ||
| Florfenicol | — | In the United States, use of related drug chloramphenicol is prohibited in food-producing animals |
| 25 mg/kg IM, IV q6h92 | PD | |
| 30 mg/kg PO, IV q8h2 | PD | |
| Furazolidone | 5 mg/kg PO q24h × 14 days22 | |
| 5.5 g/L drinking water22 | ||
| 50 mg/kg feed22 | ||
| Gentamicin | — | Seldom indicated; use with caution |
| 4 mg/kg SC, IM q24h22 | ||
| 5-8 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q8-24h79 | Decreased toxicity when given once daily; for IV use, dilute in 4 mL/kg saline and give over 20 min | |
| 1 g/20 g methylmethacrylate14 | Place in bone after surgical debridement of jaw abscess | |
| Marbofloxacinb | — | Lowest MIC of nine antibiotics tested against bacteria responsible for upper respiratory infections152 |
| 2 mg/kg IM, IV q24h4 | PD study during Pasteurella infection | |
| 5 mg/kg PO q24h × 10 days31 | PD | |
| Metronidazole | 20 mg/kg PO q12h30,71 | |
| 40 mg/kg PO q24h × 3 days22 | ||
| Minocycline | 6 mg/kg IV q8h125 | PD |
| Moxifloxacinb | 5 mg/kg PO, IM q24h × 10 days47 | Susceptible infections (some bacteria may require higher doses) |
| 40 mg/kg IV q12h × 2 doses, then q24h133 | Bacterial meningitis | |
| Netilmicin (Netromycin, Schering) | 6-8 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q24h160 | For IV use, dilute and give over 20 min |
| Ofloxacinb (Ocuflox, Allergan) | 20 mg/kg SC q8h106 | Urogenital, skin, respiratory infections |
| Oxytetracycline | 15 mg/kg IM q8h108 | PD; anorexia and diarrhea at 30 mg/kg IM q8h; tissue irritation can occur |
| 25 mg/kg SC q24h130 | ||
| 50 mg/kg PO q12h22 | ||
| 1 mg/mL drinking water22 | ||
| Penicillin G | — | Do not give any form of penicillin orally to rabbits |
| 42,000-60,000 U/kg IM q48h56 | Benzathine penicillin achieves lower serum levels than other forms and is effective against only highly susceptible organisms | |
| 42,000-84,000 U/kg SC q7d × 3 wk144 | ||
| 40,000 U/kg IM q24h × 5-7 days49 | Rabbit syphilis | |
| 42,000-84,000 U/kg SC, IM q24h56 | ||
| 60,000 U/kg IM q8h178 | PD | |
| Rifampin (R)/azithromycin (A) | (R) 40 mg/kg PO q12h + (A) 50 mg/kg PO q24h159 | Staphylococcus osteomyelitis |
| Rifampin (R)/clarithromycin (C) | (R) 40 mg/kg + (C) 80 mg/kg PO q12h159 | Staphylococcus osteomyelitis |
| Silver sulfadiazine cream (Silvadene, Marion) | Topical q24h82 | Does not cause diarrhea if ingested |
| Sulfadimethoxine | 10-15 mg/kg PO q12h62 | |
| Sulfamethazine | 1 mg/mL drinking water22 | |
| 5-10 g/kg feed22 | ||
| Sulfaquinoxaline | 1 mg/mL drinking water22 | |
| 0.6 g/kg feed22 | ||
| Tetracycline | 50 mg/kg PO q8-12h22 | |
| 50-100 mg/kg PO q8h144 | ||
| 250-1000 mg/L drinking water56 | Therapeutic levels not achieved even at 800-1600 mg/L;139 250 mg/L not effective in clinical trial for pasteurellosis130 | |
| Tilmicosin (Micotil, Elanco) | 12.5 mg/kg PO q24h × 7 days55 | PD |
| 25 mg/kg SC once110 | Pasteurellosis; use cautiously: at least one rabbit death and several human deaths have been reported;28 has been associated with anemia and leukopenia | |
| Tobramycin (Nebcin, Lilly) | 1 g/20 g methylmethacrylate14 | Place in bone after surgical debridement of jaw abscess |
| 10% in calcium sulfate pellets123 | Biodegradable implants for treatment of osteomyelitis | |
| Trimethoprim/sulfa | 15 mg/kg PO q12h22 | |
| 30 mg/kg PO, SC, IM q12h62,81,144 | May cause tissue necrosis when given SC62 | |
| Tylosin (Tylan, Elanco) | 10 mg/kg PO, SC, IM q12h22 | |
| 10 mg/kg PO, SC, IM q24h34 | ||
| Vancomycin | 50 mg/kg IV q8h125 | PD |
| 10 mg vancomycin and 50 mg DL-lactide-co-glycolide copolymer172 | Osteomyelitis; effective locally for 56 days |
a There is a potential for antibiotic-induced enterotoxemia following administration of some antimicrobial agents (see Table 9-13). Appetite and fecal character must be monitored closely during and following therapy.
b The use of fluoroquinolones in food-producing animals is strictly prohibited in the United States. Do not use these drugs in rabbits that may be consumed by humans.
TABLE 9-2 Antifungal Agents Used in Rabbits.
| Agent | Dosage | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Albaconazole | 5 mg/kg PO q24h115 | Cryptococcal meningitis |
| Amphotericin B | — | Severe fungal infections; use in combination with fluconazole;155 potentially nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic |
| 1 mg/kg IV q24h155 | ||
| 5 mg/kg IV q24h140 | Invasive aspergillosis | |
| Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Schering) | Topical64 | Localized dermatophytosis |
| Fluconazole | 5 mg/kg PO q24h115 | Cryptococcal meningitis |
| 25-43 mg/kg IV (slow) q12h103 | Systemic fungal disease | |
| 37.5 mg/kg PO q12h9 | Aspergillus keratitis | |
| 80 mg/kg PO q24h × 21 days161 | Coccidioidal meningitis; controlled but did not cure | |
| Griseofulvin | 12.5-25 mg/kg PO q12-24h × 30-45 days82,144 | Advanced cases of dermatophytosis; decrease dose by 50% if using ultra-microsize form (Gris-PEG, Allergan Herbert), which has better absorption |
| Itraconazole | 20 mg/kg PO q24h175 | Aspergillus pneumonia |
| 40 mg/kg PO q24h137 | Invasive aspergillosis | |
| Ketoconazole | 10-40 mg/kg PO q24h × 14 days62 | Dermatophytosis |
| Lime sulfur (2-3%) | Topical q5-7d × 4 wk144 | Dermatophytosis; use with caution |
| Micafungin | 0.25-2 mg/kg IV q24h140 | Systemic candidiasis |
| Miconazole (Conofite, Schering-Plough) | Topical q24h × 14-28 days62 | Localized dermatophytosis |
| Miconazole/chlorhexidine shampoo | Bathe once daily83 | Dermatophytosis |
| Nystatin | 20 mg/kg PO q12h × 10 days70 | Cyniclomyces guttulatus yeast overgrowth |
| Posaconazole | 20 mg/kg PO q24h175 | Aspergillus pneumonia |
| Terbinafine | — | Best used as part of combination therapy; little activity when used as a single agent90,161 |
| 100 mg/kg PO q12h × 21 days161 | Less effective than fluconazole for coccidioidal meningitis | |
| 100 mg/kg PO q24h in combination with amphotericin B 0.4 mg/kg IV q24h90 | Invasive aspergillosis |
TABLE 9-3 Antiparasitic Agents Used in Rabbits.
| Agent | Dosage | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Albendazole | 7.5-20 mg/kg PO q24h21 × 3-14 days60 | Potential treatment for encephalitozoonosis; use cautiously, deaths have anecdotically been reported |
| Amprolium (9.6%) | 0.5 mL/pint drinking water × 10 days62,71 | Coccidiosis |
| 5 mL/gal drinking water × 21 days144 | ||
| Carbaryl powder 5% | Topically q7d120 | Ectoparasites; use sparingly |
| Cyromazine 6% (Rearguard, Novartis) | Topically q6-10wk83 | Preventative for myiasis |
| Decoquinate (Deccox, Rhone-Poulenc) | 62.5 ppm in feed62 | Coccidiosis |
| 72-200 ppm in feed114 | ||
| Diclazuril | 4 mg/kg SC136 | |
| 1 ppm in feed62,173 | Coccidiosis | |
| Doramectin | 0.2 mg/kg IM once84 | Psoroptes mites |
| 0.3 mg/kg SC57 | PD | |
| Emodepside 2.1%/praziquantel 8.6% (Profender, Bayer) | 0.14 mL/kg topically once113 | Trichostrongylus colubriformis |
| Eprinomectin | 0.2-0.3 mg/kg SC once135 | Psoroptes mites |
| 2 mg/kg topically once179 | Psoroptes mites | |
| Febantel/pyrantel embonate/praziquantel (Drontal Plus, Bayer) | ½ tablet/5 kg PO once113 | Use tablet for puppies and small dogs (2-25 lb); effective against nematodes and cestodes |
| Fenbendazole | — | On rare occasions, anemia and arteritis have been reported.a |
| 5 mg/kg PO130 | ||
| 5-20 mg/kg PO q24h × 5 days; repeat in 14 days113 | Nematodes; use 20 mg/kg for Passalurus ambiguous | |
| 10 mg/kg q24h PO, repeat in 14 days prn71 | ||
| 20 mg/kg PO q24h for 7 days before and 2 days after mixing rabbits165 | Preventative against encephalitozoonosis | |
| 20 mg/kg PO q24h × 28 days165 | Treatment for encephalitozoonosis; failed to clear all parasites | |
| 50 ppm in feed × 2-6 wk129 | ||
| Fipronil (Frontline, Merial) | Contraindicated118 | Can cause neurologic disease and death |
| Imidacloprid (Advantage, Bayer) | 10-16 mg/kg (single 0.4 mL dose, 10% solution) as a single topical application60,76,120 | Flea adulticide |
| Imidacloprid (I) 10%/moxidectin (M) 1% (Advocate, Bayer) | 10 mg/kg (I) + 1 mg/kg (M) topically q4wk × 3 treatments83 | Psoroptes mites |
| Imidacloprid 8.8%/permethrin 44% (Advantix, Bayer) | 11-16.6 mg/kg topically once15 | Leporacarus gibbus (rabbit fur mite) |
| Ivermectin | — | Ectoparasites |
| 0.1-0.2 mg/kg SC, repeat in 14 days17 | Ear mites, clinical trial | |
| 0.2-0.4 mg/kg SC q10-14d120 | ||
| 0.4 mg/kg PO, SC q7-14d71 | ||
| 0.4 mg/kg SC q7d × 2-3 wk144 | ||
| 0.4 mg/kg SC q80h × 3 doses85 | Sarcoptic mange | |
| 0.6 mg/kg SC q14d118 | ||
| Lasalocid | 120 ppm in feed62 | Coccidiosis |
| Lime sulfur (2-3%) | 1-2 dips/wk × 28 days144 | Ectoparasites; young animals |
| Dip q7d × 4-6 wk120,144 | ||
| Lufenuron (Program, Novartis) | 30 mg/kg PO q30d118 | Flea larvicide |
| Metronidazole | 20 mg/kg PO q12h120 | Antiprotozoal agent |
| Monensin (CoBan 60, Elanco) | 0.002-0.004% in feed62 | Coccidiosis |
| Moxidectin | 0.2 mg/kg PO, repeat in 10 days174 | Psoroptic mange |
| 0.3 mg/kg SC57 | PD | |
| Oxibendazole | 30 mg/kg PO q24h × 7-14 days, then 15 mg/kg PO q24h for 30-60 days28 | Encephalitozoonosis; no highly effective treatment has been identified; anecdotal bone marrow suppression has been reported, so an intratreatment CBC is recommended |
| Piperazine | 200 mg/kg PO, repeat in 14-21 days71,144 | Use with citrate formulation |
| 500 mg/kg PO × 2 days96 | Adults; use with adipate formulation | |
| 750 mg/kg PO × 2 days96 | Juveniles | |
| 2-5 mg/mL drinking water × 7 days71 | ||
| Praziquantel (Droncit, Bayer) | 5-10 mg/kg PO, SC, IM, repeat in 10 days6 | Cestodes, trematodes |
| 10 mg/kg PO once113 | Cestodes | |
| Pyrantel pamoate | 5-10 mg/kg PO, SC, IM, repeat in 10 days120 | |
| 5-10 mg/kg PO, repeat in 14-21 days144 | ||
| Pyrethrins | Topically as directed for puppies/kittens q7d118,120 | Flea control |
| Rofenaid (Rofenaid 40, Roche) | 62.5-250 ppm in feed62 | Coccidiosis |
| Selamectin (Revolution, Pfizer) | 12 mg/kg topically at base of neck once89 | Cheyletiellosis |
| 20 mg/kg topically q7d29 | PD/flea infestation; further studies are needed to assess long-term safety in rabbits at this dose following repeated application29 | |
| 30 mg (8-14 mg/kg) topically q30 days × 2 doses46,98 | Sarcoptic mange | |
| 30 mg (6-18 mg/kg) topically once98,112 | Psoroptes mites | |
| Sulfadimethoxine | 50 mg/kg PO once, then 25 mg/kg q24h × 10-20 days62,71 | Coccidiosis |
| Sulfadimidene | 100-233 mg/L drinking water60 | Coccidiosis |
| Sulfamerazine | 100 mg/kg PO56 | Coccidiosis |
| 0.05-0.15% in drinking water56 | ||
| Sulfamethazine | 100 mg/kg PO q24h56 | Coccidiosis |
| 0.77 g/L drinking water56 | ||
| 0.5-1% in feed56 | ||
| Sulfamethoxine | 50 mg/kg PO once, then 25 mg/kg PO q24h × 10-20 days20 | Coccidiosis |
| Sulfaquinoxaline | 0.02-0.05% in drinking water56 | Coccidiosis/prevention |
| 0.025-0.1% in drinking water144 | Alternating 2 wk periods for 4-8 wk during weaning | |
| 0.04-0.1% in drinking water62 | Coccidiosis | |
| 0.1-0.15% in drinking water56 | Coccidiosis/treatment | |
| 1 mg/mL in drinking water120 | ||
| 0.025-0.03% in feed × 4-6 wk144 | During weaning | |
| 125-250 ppm in feed62 | ||
| Thiabendazole | 25-50 mg/kg PO56 | |
| 50-100 mg/kg PO q24h × 5 days6 | ||
| 0.1% in feed × 3 mo130 | ||
| Thiabendazole/dexamethasone/neomycin (Tresaderm, MSD-AgVet) | 3 drops in each ear q12h × 7-14 days30 | Use concurrently with ivermectin therapy for ear mites |
| Toltrazuril | 2.5-5 mg/kg PO149 | Intestinal coccidiosis |
| 10 mg/kg PO73,88 | PD;88 coccidiosis due to Eimeria tenella73 | |
| 25 ppm in drinking water (or 25 mg/kg PO) q24h × 2 days, repeat after 5 days60 | Coccidiosis | |
| 50 ppm in drinking water24 | Hepatic coccidiosis due to Eimeria stiedae |
a J. Graham, M. M. Garner. Personal communication, 2012.
TABLE 9-4 Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Analgesic Agents Used in Rabbits.
| Agent | Dosage | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Acepromazine | — | See ketamine, ketamine/xylazine for combinations |
| 0.25-1 mg/kg IM62,67,82,180 | Preanesthetic; sedative; tranquilizer | |
| 1-5 mg/kg SC, IM56 | Preanesthetic; lower end of dose range is preferred | |
| Acetaminophen (Tylenol, McNeil) | — | Short-term use only; use with caution105 |
| 200-500 mg/kg PO56 | Analgesia | |
| 1-2 mg/mL drinking water74 | ||
| Acetaminophen/codeine | 1 mL elixir/100 mL drinking water180 | Analgesia |
| Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) | Antiinflammatory | |
| 100 mg/kg PO q48h62 | ||
| Alfentanil (Alfenta, Taylor) | 0.03-0.07 mg/kg IV180 | Intraoperative analgesia for 45 min duration |
| Atipamezole (Antisedan, Pfizer) | Give same volume SC, IV, IP as medetomidine or dexmedetomidine (5× medetomidine or 10× dexmedetomidine dose in mg)120 | Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine reversal50 |
| Atracurium | 0.1 mg/kg IV164 | Paralysis for intraophthalmic surgery; requires assisted ventilation |
| Atropine | — | Many rabbits possess serum atropinase, hence very high doses are often administered |
| 0.1-0.5 mg/kg SC, IM120 | ||
| 0.1-3 mg/kg SC62 | ||
| 0.8-1 mg/kg IM66 | ||
| Bupivicaine 0.125% | 1 mg/kg28 | Epidural anesthesia; dilute with preservative-free saline only; total volume should not exceed 0.33 mL/kg |
| Buprenorphine | 0.01-0.05 mg/kg SC, IV, IP q6-12h52,62 | Analgesia |
| 0.012 mg/kg28 | Epidural anesthesia; dilute with preservative-free saline only; total volume should not exceed 0.33 mL/kg | |
| 0.02-0.1 mg/kg SC, IV81 | ||
| 0.03 mg/kg SC 1 hr prior to anesthetic induction122 | Premedication | |
| 0.03 mg/kg IM q12h35 | Postoperative analgesia | |
| 0.5 mg/kg per rectum q12h74 | ||
| Butorphanol | — | See ketamine/xylazine for combination; butorphanol combination follows |
| 0.1-0.5 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q4h52,67,81 | Analgesia | |
| 0.1-1 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q4-6h120 | ||
| 1-5 mg/kg SC q4-6h13 | Lower dose preferred28 | |
| Butorphanol (B)/midazolam (Mi) | (B) 0.3-0.5 mg/kg + (Mi) 0.1-0.5 mg/kg IM48 | Sedation or premedication |
| Carprofen (Rimadyl, Pfizer) | — | Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory; chronic joint pain |
| 1-2.2 mg/kg PO q12h120 | ||
| 1.5 mg/kg PO q12h60,67 | ||
| 2.2 mg/kg PO q12h138 | ||
| 2-4 mg/kg SC q24h60 | ||
| 4 mg/kg SC, IM q24h67 | ||
| Chlorpromazine | 1-10 mg/kg IM, IV56 | Preanesthetic; lower end of dose range is generally preferred |
| Dexmedetomidinea (Dexdomitor, Orion) | — | α2 agonist similar to medetomidinea |
| Diazepam | — | See ketamine for combinations |
| 1-3 mg/kg IM62 | Preanesthetic; tranquilizer | |
| 1-5 mg/kg IM,30 IV56,67 | Preanesthetic; tranquilizer | |
| 1 mg/kg intracavernous41 | Seizures; alternative to IV route | |
| Enflurane | To effect40 | Anesthesia; MAC = 2.9% |
| Fentanyl | — | Fentanyl combinations follow; see medetomidine for combination |
| 0.0074 mg/kg IV101 | ||
| 30-100 mcg/kg/min constant rate infusion25 | Analgesia | |
| Fentanyl patch | ½ patch/medium-sized rabbit (3 kg) × 3 days148 | Postoperative analgesia; do not cut patch; cover portion not in use |
| 25 mcg patch × 3 days53 | Note: rapid hair regrowth decreases plasma concentrations | |
| Fentanyl (F)/droperidol (D) (0.05 mg [F] plus 2.5 mg [D]); (Innovar-Vet, Schering-Plough) | 0.15-0.44 mL/kg IM180 | 0.22 mL/kg optimal; may cause muscle necrosis at injection site |
| Fentanyl/fluanisone (Hypnorm, Janssen) | 0.2-0.3 mL/kg60 | Premedication; analgesia; sedation |
| Flumazenil | 0.01-0.1 mg/kg IM, IV25 | Reversal for benzodiazepines |
| Flunixin meglumine (Banamine, Schering) | — | Analgesia; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory117 |
| 0.3-2 mg/kg PO, IM, IV q12-24h138 | Use for no more than 3 days | |
| 1.1 mg/kg SC, IM q12h52,81 | ||
| 1-2 mg/kg SC q12-24h66 | ||
| Gabapentin (Neurontin, Pfizer) | Dosages for rabbits have not been established | Indicated for adjunctive treatment of chronic or neurogenic pain in dogs and cats at 3 mg/kg PO q24h and for ancillary therapy of refractory seizures in dogs and cats at 10-30 mg/kg PO q8h142 |
| 25 mg/kg SC95 | Dose used to approximate plasma concentrations in humans | |
| Glycopyrrolate (Robinul-V, Fort Dodge) | ||
| Hydromorphone | 0.05-0.2 mg/kg SC, IM q6-8h28 | Analgesia |
| Ibuprofen | — | Analgesia; nonsteroidal antiinflammatory; may have gastrointestinal side effects |
| 2-7.5 mg/kg PO q4h120 | ||
| 7.5 mg/kg PO q6-8h160 | ||
| Isoflurane | 3-5% induction, 1.5-1.75% maintenance56 | Inhalant anesthetic of choice; MAC = 2.05% |
| 3-5% induction, 2-3% maintenance62 | ||
| Ketamine | — | Ketamine combinations follow; should be administered in combination with other agents |
| 15-20 mg/kg IV56 | ||
| 20-50 mg/kg IM56 | 60 min of sedation | |
| 35-50 mg/kg IM180 | ||
| Ketamine (K)/acepromazine (A) | (K) 25-40 mg/kg +(A) 0.25-1 mg/kg IM, IV67 | Anesthesia |
| (K) 40 mg/kg + (A) 0.5-1 mg/kg IM81 | Anesthesia | |
| Ketamine (K)/diazepam (D) | (K) 10 mg/kg + (D) 0.5 mg/kg IV119 | Anesthesia; follow with isoflurane |
| (D) 0.2-0.5 mg/kg IV, then (K) 10-15 mg/kg IV to effect66 | Sedation; use with isoflurane for anesthesia | |
| (K) 15 mg/kg + (D) 0.3 mg/kg IM116 | Anesthesia; follow with isoflurane | |
| (K) 20-30 mg/kg IM, then (D) 0.5 mg/kg IV at 5-10 min71 | Anesthesia; generally used with isoflurane; dentistries (with or without isoflurane) | |
| (K) 20-30 mg/kg + (D) 1-3 mg/kg IM71 | Anesthesia; use with isoflurane | |
| (K) 20-40 mg/kg + (D) 1-5 mg/kg IM67 | ||
| (K) 30-40 mg/kg + (D) 2-5 mg/kg IM30 | Surgical anesthesia; lower end of dose range for (D) is preferred;147 less preferable than aforementioned (K)/(D) combinations | |
| Ketamine (K)/medetomidine (Me)a | (K) 15 mg/kg + (Me) 0.25 mg/kg SC,132 IM59 | Anesthetic induction; laryngospasm common |
| (Me) 0.35 mg/kg IM + (K) 5 mg/kg IV68 | Surgical anesthesia | |
| Ketamine (K)/midazolam (Mi) | (K) 25 mg/kg + (Mi) 2-5 mg/kg IM129 | May be preferable to use (Mi) at <2 mg/kg28 |
| (K) 15 mg/kg IM + (Mi) 3 mg/kg IM59 | Anesthetic induction | |
| Ketamine (K)/xylazine (X) | — | Anesthesia; may result in bradycardia; less preferable than (K)/(D)/isoflurane combinations; seldom indicated |
| (K) 10 mg/kg + (X) 3 mg/kg IV51,81 | ||
| (K) 30-40 mg/kg + (X) 3-5 mg/kg IM56 | ||
| (K) 35 mg/kg + (X) 5 mg/kg IM100 | ||
| Ketamine (K)/xylazine (X)/acepromazine (A) | (K) 35 mg/kg + (X) 5 mg/kg + (A) 0.75 mg/kg IM100 | Anesthesia; may result in bradycardia; less preferable than (K)/(D)/isoflurane combinations; seldom indicated |
| Ketamine (K)/xylazine (X)/butorphanol (B) | (K) 35 mg/kg + (X) 5 mg/kg + (B) 0.1 mg/kg IM107 | Anesthesia; may result in bradycardia; less preferable than (K)/(D)/isoflurane combinations; seldom indicated |
| Ketoprofen (Ketofen, Fort Dodge) | 1 mg/kg IM q12-24h138 | Musculoskeletal pain; nonsteroidal antiinflammatory |
| 3 mg/kg SC, IM q24h67 | ||
| Ketoprofen 2.5% topical gel (Menarini, France) | Apply topically q6-12h8 | Musculoskeletal pain |
| Lidocaine | — | Local, topical, and epidural anesthesia |
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