Primates

Chapter 12 Primates



Celia R. Valverde, Marie-Josee Lemoy



TABLE 12-1 Antimicrobial and Antifungal Agents Used in Primates.




























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Agent Dosage Species/Comments
Amikacin 2.3 mg/kg IM q24h3,65,145 Lemurs, chimpanzees
  5 mg/kg IM q8h3  
Amoxicillin 6.7-13.3 mg/kg PO, IM q8h3,19  
  11 mg/kg PO q12h39  
  11 mg/kg SC, IM q24h39  
  15 mg/kg SC q48h × 3 treatments58 Macaques/depot form
  500 mg/animal PO, IM, IV3 Chimpanzees
Amoxicillin trihydrate, clavulanic potassium 6.5-13.5 mg/kg PO q8h19 Macaques
13.75 mg/kg PO q12h3 Chimpanzees
  15 mg/kg PO q12h135  
  62.5 mg PO q12h101 Lemurs
Amphotericin B 0.25-1 mg/kg IV q24h67  
Ampicillin 20 mg/kg PO, IM, IV q8h3,67 Chimpanzees
  25-50 mg/kg/day IM, IV divided q6-8h3,19  
  50-100 mg/kg IM q12h × 7-10 days65  
Azithromycin 5-10 mg/kg PO q24h3 Chimpanzees
  20 mg/kg PO q24h77 Macaques/Lawsonia intracellularis
  25-50 mg/kg SC q24h × 7 days112 Macaques/antimalarial
  40 mg/kg SC, IM once, then 20 mg/kg q24h × 2-5 days19  
Cefazolin sodium 25 mg/kg IM, IV q12h × 7-10 days19,65 Macaques, chimpanzees
Cefotaxime 50 mg/kg IM, IV q8h18  
  100-200 mg/kg IV q6-8h107  
  1 g/animal IM, IV q6-12h3 Chimpanzees
Ceftazidime 50 mg/kg IM, IV q8h29 Lemurs
Ceftizoxime (Cefizox, Fujisawa) 75-100 mg/kg IM q12h × 7 days65  
Ceftriaxone 10 mg/kg IV131 Macaques, chimpanzees/PD
  50 mg/kg IM q24h3,19 Macaques
  50-100 mg/kg IM, IV q12-24h107 Great apes/bacterial meningitis; excellent penetration into cerebrospinal fluid; transient, self-limiting diarrhea is a side effect
Cephalexin 20 mg/kg PO q12h32  
  30 mg/kg PO q12h3,19  
Cephaloridine 20 mg/kg IM q12h32  
Cephalothin 25 mg/kg IM q12h121  
Chloramphenicol palmitate 25 mg/kg PO q8h3 Infants
  50 mg/kg PO q12h32  
Chloramphenicol sodium succinate 20 mg/kg IM q12h3,39  
33 mg/kg IM q8h3
  50-100 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q8h51,67  
  110 mg/kg IM q6h × 5-10 days51 Pneumococcal meningoenceph-alitis
Ciprofloxacin 10 mg/kg PO q12h3,19  
  10-25 mg/kg PO q12h58  
  16-20 mg/kg PO q12h65 Macaques/based on PD dosage below;75 suspension of crushed tablets in water
  250 mg/animal PO once, then 125 mg q12h75 Macaques/PD (5.1-13 kg animals)
Clarithromycin 10 mg/kg PO q12h × 7 days25  
  10 mg/kg PO q12h × 10 days25 Macaques/treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection; part of quadruple therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and bismuth subsalicylate
  20 mg/kg PO q24h5 Macaques/PD
  250-500 mg/animal PO q12h3 Chimpanzees
Clindamycin 10 mg/kg PO q12h135  
  12.5 mg/kg IM q8h32  
  150-300 mg/animal PO q6h3 Chimpanzees
  300-600 mg/animal IM q8-12h3 Chimpanzees
Doxycycline 2.5 mg/kg PO q12h × 1 day, then 2.5 mg/kg PO q24h3  
  3-4 mg/kg PO q12h65 Macaques/based on PD dosage below75
  5 mg/kg PO q12h19  
  60 mg/animal PO once, then 30 mg/animal q12h75 Macaques/PD (5.1-13 kg animals)
Enrofloxacin (Baytril, Bayer) 5 mg/kg PO, IM q24h × 10 days6,33,53 Most species/Shigella flexneri; injectable form given PO
  5 mg/kg nasogastric or orogastric intubation q24h × 10 days85 Macaques/PD; Shigella gastroenteritis
  5 mg/kg PO, IM q12-24h3  
Erythromycin 35 mg/kg PO q8h3  
  40 mg/kg PO, IM q8-12h18  
  75 mg/kg PO q12h × 10 days65 Most species/Campylobacter-associated diarrhea
Erythromycin ethyl-succinate (pediatric suspension; EryPed Drops, Abbott) 20 mg/kg PO q12h116 Tamarins/clostridial enteritis
Ethambutol 22.5 mg/kg PO q24h146 Macaques/mycobacteriosis; treat concurrently with isoniazid and rifampin; reduce to 15 mg/kg after 6 wk; continue treatment for 1 yr; treatment of tuberculosis in non-human primates is controversial due to the inability to eliminate carrier state and potential of drug resistance73
Fluconazole 2-3 mg/kg PO q24h × 30 days47 Macaques/coccidioidomycosis; prolonged treatment is necessary; relapses may occur
  18 mg/kg PO q24h8 Swamp monkeys/systemic mycoses; treat concurrently with flucytosine; may be effective as a sole agent
Flucytosine (Ancobon, Roche) 50-150 mg/kg/day PO divided q6h3 Chimpanzees
  143 mg/kg PO q24h8 Swamp monkeys/systemic mycoses; treat concurrently with fluconazole
Furazolidone 5 mg/kg PO q6h × 7 days65  
  10 mg/kg PO q12h3  
  10-15 mg/kg PO q24h95  
  20-40 mg/kg PO q6h67  
  100 mg/animal PO q6h3 Chimpanzees
Gentamicin 1-2 mg/kg IM, IV q8h × 5-7 days65  
  2-3 mg/kg IM, IV q12h × 5-7 days65  
  2-4 mg/kg IM q12h3  
  3 mg/kg IM q6-8h140 Baboons/PD
Griseofulvin 20 mg/kg PO q24h67  
  200 mg/kg PO once q10d67  
  500 mg/day PO divided q6-24h3 Chimpanzees
Imipenem 10 mg/kg IV131 Macaques, chimpanzees/PD
  25 mg/kg IV q12h36 Infuse over 30 min
  500-1000 mg IM, IV q8h132 Chimpanzees/methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Isoniazid 5 mg/kg PO q24h3  
  15 mg/kg PO q24h146 Macaques/mycobacteriosis; treat concurrently with ethambutol and rifampin; reduce to 10 mg/kg after 6 wk; continue treatment for 1 yr; supplement with pyridoxine; prophylatic use of isoniazid is controversial; treatment may mask infection and prevent detection by tuberculin skin testing; isoniazid has been associated with false negative tuberculin skin testing results73
  30-50 mg/kg PO q24h3 Chimpanzees/active TB test for 9 mo; prophylaxis: 300 mg/day PO
Itraconazole 10 mg/kg PO q24h Fungal (yeast) gastroenteritis
Kanamycin 7.5 mg/kg IM q12h67  
Ketoconazole 5-10 mg/kg PO q12h3,18 Candidiasis
  200-400 mg/day PO3 Chimpanzees
Lincomycin 5-10 mg/kg IM q12h65  
Methicillin sodium 50 mg/kg IM q12h × 7 days51  
Metronidazole 12.5-15 mg/kg PO q12h64 Clostridium; used in conjunction with tylosin
  25 mg/kg PO q12h99 Colobinae/gastroenteritis
  50 mg/kg PO or via orogastric tubing q24h18 Macaques/gastroenteritis; inflammatory bowel disease
Minocycline 2 mg/kg PO q12h70 Prosimians
  15 mg/kg PO q12h × 7 days65,72 Lemurs72
Neomycin 10 mg/kg PO q12h32  
  50 mg/kg PO q12h3  
Nitrofurantoin 2-4 mg/kg IM, IV q8h67  
Nitrofurazone 11 mg/kg PO q24h51  
Norfloxacin (Noroxin, Roberts) 25 mg/kg via nasogastric intubation q12h43 Macaques/PD
  25-30 mg/kg PO q12h116 Tamarins
Nystatin 100,000 U/animal PO q8h3,19  
  200,000 U/animal PO q6h39 Gastrointestinal candidiasis; continue 48 hr after clinical recovery
  500,000 -1,000,000 U/animal PO q8h3 Chimpanzees
Oxacillin 16.5 mg/kg SC, IM q8h18  
Oxytetracycline 10 mg/kg SC, IM q24h32,135  
  250-300 mg/day PO, IM divided q8-24h3 Chimpanzees
Penicillin G, benzathine 20,000-60,000 U/kg SC, IM q24h18  
  40,000 U/kg IM q72h67  
Penicillin G, procaine 20,000 U/kg IM q12h67  
  20,000-40,000 U/kg SC, IM q12h18 Macaques, squirrel monkeys
  22,000 U/kg IM q24h3 Chimpanzees
  50,000-60,000 U/kg SC, IM q24h101 Lemurs
Piperacillin sodium 80-100 mg/kg IM, IV q8h × 7-10 days65  
  100-150 mg/kg IM, IV q12h65  
Rifampin 22.5 mg/kg PO q24h146 Macaques/mycobacteriosis; treat concurrently with ethambutol and isoniazid; reduce to 15 mg/kg after 6 wk; continue treatment for 1 yr; controversial because of the public health danger and the induction of potential drug resistant strains73
  600 mg PO, IV q24h3 Chimpanzees
Sulfamethazine 66 mg/kg PO q12h20  
Sulfasalazine — Gastrointestinal antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties
  20 mg/kg PO q24h × 28 days, then 40 mg/kg PO q24h prn102 Western lowland gorillas/reactive arthritis
  30 mg/kg PO q12h61 Spider monkeys
  50 mg/kg PO q24h × 10 wk91 Cotton-top tamarins/chronic colitis
Sulfisoxazole 50 mg/kg PO q24h58 Macaques
Tetracycline 20-25 mg/kg PO q8-12h × 7-10 days3,65 Most species
  25 mg/kg IM, IV q12h65  
Trimethoprim/sulfa 24 mg/kg PO q12h39  
  25 mg/kg SC, IM q24h29 Lemurs
  27 mg/kg SC q24h39  
  50 mg/kg PO q12h29 Lemurs
Trimethoprim/sulfadiazine 15 mg/kg PO q12h135  
  24-48 mg/kg SC51  
  30 mg/kg SC q24h135  
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 15 mg/kg PO, IM q12h, or 30 mg/kg PO, IM q24h70 Prosimians
  50 mg/kg PO q24h29 Lemurs
  4 mg/kg PO, SC q8h3,19 Based on trimethoprim
  800 mg/animal PO q12h3 Chimpanzee/based on sulfamethoxazole
Tylosin (Tylan, Elanco) 5 mg/kg PO q12h64 Clostridium; used in conjunction with metronidazole
  10 mg/kg IM q12h51  
  20 mg/kg IM q24h13,19 Macaque/chronic diarrhea13
Vancomycin 20 mg/kg IM, IV q12h18  
  40 mg/kg/day IV continuous infusion36  
  500 mg/animal PO q6h3 Chimpanzees


TABLE 12-2 Antiparasitic Agents Used in Primates.















































































































































































































































































































































Agent Dosage Species/Comments
Albendazole 10 mg/kg PO70 Prosimians/nematodes
  10 mg/kg PO q12h148 Macaques
  25 mg/kg PO q12h × 5 days147 Filaroides
  28.5 mg/animal PO q12h × 10 days × 3 treatments with a 10-day interval150 Red ruffed lemurs/subcutaneous cysticercosis; also administer praziquantel 23 mg/animal PO q10d × 3 treatments
Amitraz 250 ppm dip for 2-5 min duration × 4 treatments q14d or until resolution of skin lesions63 Tamarins/demodectic mange; no haircoat clipping or bathing was performed; animals were not rinsed after treatment; dried with a hot-air dryer; ataxia (transient) may develop
Azithromycin 25-50 mg/kg SC q24h112 Macaques/antimalarial
  40 mg/kg IM q24h first day; 20 mg/kg days 2-518 Cyptosporidium parvum; limited effectiveness
Chloroquine (Aralen, Sanofi) 10 mg/kg PO, IM once, then 5 mg/kg 6 hr later, then 5 mg/kg q24h × 2 days147 Malaria (Plasmodium sp); treat concurrently with primaquine
Dichlorvos 10-15 mg/kg PO q24h × 2-3 days54 Gastrointestinal nematodes
Diethylcarbamazine 6-20 mg/kg PO q24h × 6-15 days134,147 Owl monkeys/filariasis (i.e., Dipetalonema)
  20-40 mg/kg PO q24h × 7-21 days65  
  50 mg/kg PO q24h × 10 days26 Squirrel monkeys/filariasis; effective against microfilaria and adults; monkeys were microfilaria negative for 12-24 wk after treatment
Doxycycline 5 mg/kg PO once, then 2.5 mg/kg PO q24h147 Balantidium
Fenbendazole 50 mg/kg PO q24h × 3 days3,29 Chimpanzees, lemurs
  50 mg/kg PO q24h × 14 days147 Filaroides
Furazolidone — Great apes/Giardia; more palatable, but less effective than other agents
  5 mg/kg PO q6h × 7 days133 Great apes (juveniles)
  100 mg/animal PO q6h × 7 days133 Great apes (adults)
Iodoquinol (diiodohydroxyquinoline) (Yodoxin, Glenwood) — Great apes/minimal absorption; use with other agents for invasive disease; 14-21 days for Balantidium coli; 21 days for Entamoeba
  12-16 mg/kg PO q8h133 Great apes (infants, juveniles)
  20 mg/kg PO q12h × 21 days67 Intestinal amebiasis; Balantidium; for treatment of cystic form, use in combination with metronidazole18
  30-40 mg/kg PO q24h × 3-21 days87 Great apes
  35-50 mg/kg PO q24h × 21 days133 Great apes (juveniles)
  630 mg/animal PO q8h × 20 days3 Chimpanzees
Ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg PO, SC, IM10,29,65,147 May repeat in 10-14 days
  0.3 mg/kg PO q7d × 4 treatments66 Callitrichids/Gongylonema sp
Levamisole 2.5 mg/kg PO q24h × 14 days69 Prosimians/Physaloptera
  4-5 mg/kg PO q24h × 6 days98 Saki monkeys/oral spiruridiasis
  5 mg/kg PO, repeat in 21 days54  
  7.5 mg/kg SC, repeat in 14 days51  
  10 mg/kg PO147 Strongyloides, Filaroides, Trichuris
Mebendazole 10-20 mg/kg PO q12h × 3 days, repeat in 14 days69 Prosimians/gastrointestinal nematodes
  15 mg/kg PO q24h × 3 days147 Strongyloides, Necator, Pterygodermatitis, Trichuris
  22 mg/kg PO q24h × 3 days, repeat in 14 days39  
  50 mg/kg PO q12h × 3 days3  
  70 mg/kg PO q24h × 3 days98 New World primates/oral spiruridiasis; use treatment periodically
  100 mg/kg PO q24h for alternating wk98 Callitrichids/prevention of mortality by acanthocephalan; surgical excision of worms in the intestinal tract is recommended
  100 mg/kg PO q12h × 3 days3 Monkeys/Trichuris
  100 mg/animal PO q12h × 3 days3 Chimpanzees
Mefloquine 25 mg/kg PO once18 Antimalarial
Metronidazole 17.5-25 mg/kg PO q12h × 10 days147 Enteric flagellates and amoebas
  30-50 mg/kg PO q12h × 5-10 days93,147 Balantidium coli
  35 mg/kg PO q24h104 Macaques/Trichomonas vaginalis
Neoarsphenamine 20 mg/kg IP q5d96 Squirrel monkeys/hemobartonellosis; arsenic compound dissolved and diluted in sterile distilled water (0.5 mL/dose)
Niclosamine 150 mg/kg once134 Owl monkeys/intestinal cestodiasis
  166 mg/kg147 New World primates/cestodes, anoplocephalids
Oxibendazole 10 mg/kg PO q24h66 Squirrel monkeys/Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Oxytetracycline 1500 mg/animal q24h IV, continuous infusion133 Gorillas/Balantidium coli; nonambulatory animals
Paromomycin (Humatin, Park Davis) 10 mg/kg PO q8h × 5-10 days133 Great apes/Entamoeba
  10-20 mg/kg PO q12h × 5-10 days93 Balantidium coli
  12.5-15 mg/kg PO q12h × 5-10 days147 New World primates/amoebae; minimal absorption; use with other agents for invasive disease
  25-30 mg/kg q12h × 5-10 days134 Owl monkeys/enteric amoebas
  100 mg/kg q24h × 10 days46 Cercopithecids, pongids/antiprotozoan activity of the drug seems to be related to the protozoal species and the host species
Pentamidine isethionate (NebuPent, Fujisawa) 4 mg/kg IM, IV q24h × 14 days133 Great apes/Pneumocystis; slow IV infusion; may cause hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias
Piperazine 65 mg/kg PO q24h × 10 days54  
Praziquantel (Droncit, Bayer) 5 mg/kg PO, IM, SC once3,19  
  15-20 mg/kg PO, IM147 Some cestodes
  20 mg/kg PO q8h × 3 treatments3 Chimpanzees
  23 mg/animal PO q10d × 3 treatments150 Red ruffed lemurs/subcutaneous cysticercosis; administer with albendazole 28.5 mg/animal PO q12h × 10 days × 3 treatments with a 10-day interval
  40 mg/kg PO, IM147 Trematodes
Primaquine 0.3 mg/kg PO q24h × 14 days147 Plasmodium; treat concurrently with chloroquine
Pyrantel pamoate 5-10 mg/kg PO × 3 days70 Prosimians/nematodes
  6 mg/kg PO29 Lemurs
  10 mg/kg PO, repeat in 3 wk3 Chimpanzees
  11 mg/kg PO, once147 Necator; pinworms
  11 mg/kg PO, repeat in 14 days10 Owl monkeys
Pyrimethamine (Daraprim, Glaxo Wellcome) 2 mg/kg PO q24h × 3 days, then 1 mg/kg PO q24h × 28 days133,147 Great apes/Toxoplasma; maximum dosages of 100 mg/animal q24h for days 1-3 and 25 mg/animal q24h for 28 days; treat concurrently with sulfadiazine; supplement with folinic acid
  10 mg/kg q24h112 Plasmodium; folic acid antagonist; monitor for signs of folic acid deficiency
Quinacrine (Atabrine, Winthrop) 2 mg/kg PO q8h × 7 days133 Great apes/Giardia; maximum dose of 300 mg/day
Ronnel (Ectoral, Mallinckrodt) 55 mg/kg PO q48h × 4 treatments, then q7d × 3 mo147 Lung mites
  Topically147 Ectoparasitic mites
Sulfadiazine — Toxoplasma; treat concurrently with pyrimethamine
  25-50 mg/kg PO q6h133 Great apes/maximum dose of 6 g/animal/treatment
  100 mg/kg PO q24h147  
Sulfadimethoxine 50 mg/kg PO once, then 25 mg/kg q24h147 Coccidiosis
Tetracycline 15 mg/kg PO q8h × 10-14 days133 Great apes (infants, juveniles)/Balantidium coli
  25-50 mg/kg PO q24h × 5-10 days87 Great apes/Entamoeba, Balantidium
  500-1000 mg/animal PO q8h × 10-14 days133 Great apes (adults)/Balantidium coli
Thiabendazole 50 mg/kg PO q24h × 2 days147 Strongyloides, Necator
  75-100 mg/kg PO, repeat in 21 days54  
  100 mg/kg PO once, repeat in 14 days10 Owl monkeys
Trimethoprim/sulfa 30 mg/kg PO q6h × 14 days133 Great apes/Pneumocystis carinii


TABLE 12-3 Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Analgesic Agents Used in Primates.

































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Agent Dosage Species/Comments
Acepromazine — See butorphanol and ketamine for combinations
  0.1-0.5 mg/kg PO, SC, IM, IV3 Chimpanzees (adults)
  0.2 mg/kg IM34 Moderate sedation; no immobilization
Acetaminophen (Children’s Tylenol Grape Suspension, McNeil Consumer Products) 5-10 mg/kg PO q6h67 Macaques, New World primates111/analgesic; antipyretic
  15-20 mg/kg rectal suppository111
  500-1000 mg/animal PO q8h3 Chimpanzees (adults)
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) — Analgesic; antiinflammatory; antipyretic
  5-10 mg/kg PO q4-6h3,52 Monkeys, chimpanzees
  25 mg/kg rectal suppository109  
Alphaxalone/alphadolone — Injectable steroid anesthetic; not available in the United States111
  10-12 mg/kg IV34 Short surgical anesthesia (5-10 min)34
  10-12 mg/kg IV,37 constant rate infusion of 0.2 mg/kg/min; or 4 mg/kg/20 min intermittent bolus24 Old World primates/good surgical anesthesia lasting 5-10 min
  12-18 mg/kg IM, IV34,108,142 Marmosets, small primates/heavy sedation, anesthesia
Atipamezole (Antisedan, Pfizer) IM use only Specific α2-adrenergic antagonist; more specific for medetomidine and dexmedetomidine than for xylazine reversal; as a general rule, atipamezole is dosed at the same volume as medetomidine and dexmedetomidine, though they are manufactured at different concentrations
Atracurium 0.09-1.5 mg/kg9 IV Macaques/non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker; high dose produces histamine-like cardiovascular effects (sudden transient decrease in mean arterial pressure and increase in heart rate) and facial flushing
Atropine 0.02-0.05 mg/kg SC, IM, IV109,111 New World primates/anticholinergic
  0.04 mg/kg SC, IM, IV54 Macaques, baboons
  0.05 mg/kg IM34 Chimpanzees
Bupivacaine (0.25%) 1 mg/kg local infiltration109 Intercostal nerve block
Bupivacaine (0.5%) 1.2 mg/kg epidural45 Rhesus macaques/epidural analgesia
Buprenorphine — Agonist-antagonist opioid; analgesia61
  0.005-0.01 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q6-12h33,34,60 Great apes
  0.01-0.03 mg/kg IM q6-12h111,117 Galagos, owl monkeys, squirrel monkeys
  0.015 mg/kg IM q6-8h111 New World primates
  0.02 mg/kg SC q6h111 New World primates
  0.3 mg/kg IM q8h3 Chimpanzees
Butorphanol — In primates, butorphanol displays a different pattern of receptor pharmacology; rather than being an antagonist at μ receptors, it behaves more as an agonist of intermediate efficacy; receptor binding studies have shown butorphanol has 12-fold μ to κ selectivity and 34-fold μ to δ selectivity;55 may cause profound respiratory depression
  0.01 mg/kg IV q3-4h34 Duration of action uncertain
  0.02 mg/kg SC q6h111 New World species
  0.02 mg/kg IM111 Chimpanzees/not to exceed 0.3 mg total
  0.025 mg/kg IM q3-4h117  
  0.05 mg/kg IM q8h3  
  0.1-0.2 mg/kg IM q12-48h52  
Butorphanol (B)/acepromazine (A) 0.02 mg/kg (A) + 0.013 mg/kg IM (B)15 Macaques/premedication for inhalant anesthesia
Carfentanil 0.3 μg/kg IV109 Rhesus macaques/potent opioid; moderate sedation and analgesia; mild respiratory depression
Carprofen 2-4 mg/kg PO, SC q12-24h34,113 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory; analgesia
  3-4 mg/kg SC, IV31 Preoperative
Celecoxib 5 mg/kg19 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory; analgesia
  200 mg/animal PO q12-24h3 Chimpanzees (adults)
Chlorpromazine 1-6 mg/kg PO, IM44 Preanesthetic
Deracoxib (Deramaxx, Novartis) 4 mg/kg PO q24h3 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory; analgesia; 2 mg/kg for chronic use
Dexmedetomidinea (Dexdomitor, Pfizer) — α2 agonist that has replaced medetomidinea
Diazepam — Used often as an adjuvant; see ketamine for combination
  0.1-0.5 mg/kg IM52 Lemurs/prevents ketamine-induced seizures
  0.25-0.5 mg/kg IM, IV59  
  0.5-1 mg/kg PO52 Sedation; give in small amount of food or drink 30-60 min prior to anesthesia; degree of sedation variable; recovery prolonged
  1 mg/kg IM34 Provides insufficient sedation as a single agent
Droperidol 2.5-10 mg IM3 Chimpanzees (adults)/given 30-60 min prior to procedure
Droperidol (D)/carfentanil (C) (D) 2.5 mg PO + (C) 2 μg/kg PO transmucosally74 Chimpanzees, bonobos (>20 kg)/used to eliminate or minimize stress of darting; followed at 25 min by darting with a combination of tiletamine/zolazepam and naltrexone; (D) was administered in grape juice, and transmucosal (C); was given directly onto oral mucous membrane via hand syringe; respiratory depression with low SpO2; provide supplemental oxygen; warning: use (D)/(C) combination only as a premedication to tiletamine/zolazepam or ketamine anesthesia; the narcotic reversal agent must be given once animal reaches stage 4-5 anesthesia or at 25 min after dosing; naltrexone for reversal, 100× (C) dose in mg
Enflurane 1 MAC=1.84%136 Inhalant anesthetic; isoflurane or sevoflurane preferred
Etomidate — Decreases mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and myocardial contractility; increases systemic arterial compliance
  1 mg/kg IV28 Induction
  100 μg/kg/min IV, constant rate infusion28 Maintenance
Fentanyl — Fentanyl combinations follow
  0.13, 0.26, or 0.39 μg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion92 Use with isoflurane MAC (1.53% ± 0.07%); fentanyl sparing effect reduced isoflurane MAC by 19%, 44%, and 59%, respectively
  5-10 μg/kg/h IV constant rate infusion3 Chimpanzees
  5-10 μg/kg IV bolus,109,137 or 10-25 μg/kg/h constant rate infusion81 Rhesus macaques, baboons/use with isoflurane; side effects include bradycardia, hypotension
Fentanyl/droperidol (Innovar-Vet, Janssen) 0.05-0.1 mL/kg IM, IV67 Preanesthetic; primates appear to be more sensitive to the drug than dogs;30 high doses produce respiratory depression
  0.1-0.3 mL/kg SC, IM109 Minor procedures
Fentanyl/fluanisone (Hypnorm, Janssen) 0.3 mL/kg SC, IM109 Heavy sedation and good analgesia34
Fentanyl transdermal patch 25 μg/kg/h (5-10 kg), 50 μg/kg/h (10 kg) q48-72h3 Opioid analgesia
Fentanyl (F)/vecuronium (V)/midazolam (Mi) 1-5 μg/kg/h + (V) 1-3 mg/kg/h + (Mi) 0.05-0.1 mg/kg/h IV constant rate infusion48 Orangutans/immobilization
Flumazenil 0.025 mg/kg IV56 Benzodiazepine reversal
Flunixin meglumine 0.3-1 mg/kg SC, IV q12-24h52 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory; analgesia
  0.5 mg/kg IM q24h29 Prosimians
  0.5-2 mg/kg SC, IV q24h34  
  2 mg/kg IM q12h3  
Glycopyrrolate 0.005-0.01 mg/kg IM109 Anticholinergic
Ibuprofen 7 mg/kg PO q12h3,34 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory; analgesia
  200-400 mg/animal PO q8h3 Chimpanzees
Isoflurane 0.5-0.7% isoflurane with 8 μg/kg fentanyl137 Balanced anesthesia
  1-2% on 100% oxygen; 0.8-1.25% supplemented with 2:1 ration of N2O to oxygen for anesthesia maintenance111 Baboons
  1-3% maintenance111 Marmosets, chimpanzees
  1 MAC = 1.28-1.46%129,136 Macaques/inhalant anesthetic; no cardiovascular depression, but profound respiratory depression; 55% MAC reduction when used with 2 mg/kg morphine IV129
  3% mask induction and 0.5% maintenance111 Galagos/10-15 mg/kg ketamine IM for sedation to allow mask placement
  4-5% for mask induction and 0.5-3% maintenance111 Squirrel monkeys/induction takes less than 2 min
Ketamine — Tranquilization; anesthesia; mg/kg dose increases as size of animal decreases; causes seizures in lemurs when used as sole agent (see diazepam, midazolam, ketamine/acepromazine); ketamine combinations follow
  5 mg/kg IM52 Great apes/immobilization; follow with inhalant anesthetic; used in field immobilization of free-living mountain gorillas; ketamine provides a shorter recovery time than tiletamine/zolazepam125
  5-25 mg/kg IM7,34,143 Larger primates/moderate sedation, immobilization, some analgesia
  10-15 mg/kg IM52 New World primates,3 medium-size primates (10-30 kg)/immobilization; follow with inhalant anesthetic34
Ketamine (K)/acepromazine (A) (K) 4 mg/kg + (A) 0.04 mg/kg IM29 Lemurs
Ketamine (K)/diazepam (D) (K) 15 mg/kg + (D) 1 mg/kg IM32 Surgical anesthesia with good muscle relaxation lasting 30-40 min33,34
Ketamine (K)/medetomidinea (Me) — Medetomidine is no longer commercially available, but can be compounded;a has been replaced with dexmedetomidine
  (K) 2-6 mg/kg IM + (Me) 0.03-0.06 mg/kg IM83 Chimpanzees
  (K) 5-7.5 mg/kg IM + (Me) 0.033-0.075 mg/kg IM122 Use higher dosages for smaller primates
  (K) 5-10 mg/kg IM + (Me) 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IM, IV21  
Ketamine (K)/medetomidinea (Me)/butorphanol (B) — Medetomidine is no longer commercially available, but can be compounded;a has been replaced with dexmedetomidine
  (K) 3 mg/kg IM + (Me) 0.04 mg/kg IM + (B) 0.4 mg/kg IM144 Ring-tailed lemurs/anesthesia; long duration of action; rapid and complete reversibility with specific antagonists
Ketamine (K)/midazolam (Mi) (K) 8 mg/kg IM + (Mi) 0.2 mg/kg4 Macaques
  (K) 10 mg/kg + (Mi) 1 mg/kg IM40 Marmosets
  (K) 15 mg/kg IM + (Mi) 0.05-0.2 mg SC, IM,60 IV62  
Ketamine (K)/xylazine (X) (K) 10 mg/kg + (X) 0.5 mg/kg IM32 Surgical anesthesia with good muscle relaxation lasting 30-40 min; xylazine can be reversed with atipamezole,34 or, preferably, yohimbine
  (K) 10-20 mg/kg IM + (X) 3 mg/kg IM3 New World primates
  (K) 15-20 mg/kg IM + (X) 1 mg/kg IM3 Chimpanzees
Ketoprofen 2 mg/kg IM, IV q24h34 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory; analgesia
  5 mg/kg IM q6-8h113  
Ketorolac (Torador, Syntex) 0.5-1 mg/kg SC, IM q8-12h111 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
  15-30 mg/animal113 initially; then 10-15 mg/animal q8h3,111 Macaques, baboons
  15-30 mg/animal IM36,111 Baboons
  30 mg/animal PO q6h, or single dose 60 mg3,111 Chimpanzees
Medetomidinea — α2 agonist; no longer commercially available, but can be compoundeda
Meloxicam (Metacam, Boehringer Ingelheim) 0.1-0.2 mg/kg PO, SC q24h34 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory; analgesia
Meperidine 2-4 mg/kg IM, IV q2-4h34 or q3-4h52,117 Analgesia; caution: sudden death reported in healthy animals117
  50-150 mg/animal PO q3-4h3 Chimpanzees
Methohexitone 10 mg/kg IV34 Surgical anesthesia, 5-10 min; reduce dose by at least 50% if ketamine is being used as a preanesthetic
Midazolam — See ketamine and fentanyl for combinations
  0.05-0.1 mg/kg IM, IV3  
  0.1-0.5 mg/kg IM52 Lemurs/prevents ketamine-induced seizures
  0.2-0.4 mg/kg IV bolus109 Balanced anesthetic technique with fentanyl (1-2 μg/kg IV bolus)
  1-2.5 mg/animal IV3 Chimpanzees
  5 mg/animal IM3 Chimpanzees
Morphine — Opioid analgesia; dose dependent respiratory depression; use with care, especially in New World primates; may cause intense pruritis around eyes and nose55
  0.125-1 mg/kg IV109 Squirrel monkeys
  0.5 mg/kg/day IV constant rate infusion110 Baboons
  1-2 mg/kg PO, SC, IM, IV q4h34,117  
Morphine, preservative free 0.01 mg/kg109 Intrathecal analgesia
  0.1 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg/day for 48 hr constant rate infusion109 Epidural analgesia
Nalbuphine 0.5 mg/kg IM, IV q3-6h52  
  2.5-5 mg/kg IM q3-4h3 Agonist-antagonist opioid
  10 mg/animal SC, IM, IV q3-6h3 prn Chimpanzees
Naloxone — Opioid antagonist/reversal; short acting, a second dose may be necessary to avoid the return of respiratory depression111
  0.015 mg/kg SC, IM, IV111 Chimpanzees
  0.1 mg/kg SC, IM, IV prn3  
  0.1-0.2 mg/kg IM, IV111  
Naproxen — Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory; analgesia; antipyretic
  5 mg/kg PO 24h3 Chimpanzees
  10 mg/kg PO q12h65,72 Lemurs
Neostigmine 0.1 mg/kg IV52 Anticholinesterase; antidote for nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent; side effect: marked bradycardia; can be used with or without anticholinergic drugs
Nitrous oxide (N2O) Up to 60% with O2 (minimum total flow 200 mL/kg/min)60 Use of O2 analyzer is advisable
  1 MAC = 200%109 Macaques
  30% N20 reduced MAC enflurane 1.46% (from 1.84%)130 Macaques
Oxymorphone — Opioid analgesia
  0.025 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q4-6h3 New World primates
  0.075 mg/kg IM q4-6h111 New World primates
  0.15 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q4-6h34,61 Old World primates
  1-1.5 mg/animal SC, IM q4h111 Chimpanzees111
Pancuronium 0.04-0.1 mg/kg IV109 Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker; requires assisted ventilation; use with caution
Paracetamol 5-10 mg/kg PO q6h135 Analgesia
Pentazocine 2-5 mg/kg IM, IV q4h34,52 Analgesia
Pentobarbital sodium — There is considerable variation between species; severe respiratory depression; inability to modulate depth of anesthesia; prolonged recovery
  15 mg/kg IV slowly to effect111 New World primates
  20-30 mg/kg IV; decrease to 11 mg/kg if precede with ketamine 20 mg/kg IM111  
  25 mg/kg IV (adults), 15 mg/kg IV (juveniles); slowly to effect111 Baboons
  25-35 mg/kg IV33,34 30-60 min light surgical anesthesia, but severe respiratory depression often occurs at higher dose; recovery can be prolonged, especially if incremental doses are administered; the dose should be reduced at least 50% if ketamine or other preanesthetics have been used
  100 mg/animal slow IV111 Chimpanzees/not to exceed 50 mg/min
Pentobarbitone — See pentobarbital
Pethidine (meperidine) — See meperidine
Propofol 2.5-5 mg kg IV bolus; maintenance with 0.3-0.4 mg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion11,38,109,111,119 Baboons, macaques
  7-8 mg/kg IV34 Marmosets, larger primates/induction and maintenance of anesthesia; good surgical anesthesia and rapid smooth recovery38,44
  1-2 mg/kg IV bolus, followed by infusion to effect109 Chimpanzees
  2 mg/kg IV bolus; maintenance with 0.2 mg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion28 Decreases mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and myocardial contractility; increases systemic arterial compliance
  5 mg/kg IV bolus; maintenance with 0.4 mg/kg/min constant rate infusion37 Macaques
Sevoflurane 1 MAC=2%126 Macaques
  8% mask induction; 2.5% maintenance80,126 Garnett’s greater bushbaby/rapid induction and recovery; no significant cardiopulmonary effects; significant decrease in body temperature, WBC count, calcium, and total protein within 30 min of anesthesia
Succinylcholine 2 mg/kg IV50 Depolarizing neuromuscular agent; requires assisted ventilation; use with caution
Thiamylal sodium 15-25 mg/kg IV to effect3,67 Barbiturate anesthesia
Thiopental 3-5 mg kg IV111 Barbiturate anesthesia; induction agent for inhalation anesthesia; only human-labeled product available
  10-15 mg/kg IV bolus; 5-7 mg/kg IV if combined with ketamine109  
  15-17 mg/kg/h IV constant rate infusion109  
  15-20 mg/kg IV33 Barbiturate anesthesia; surgical anesthesia, 5-10 min; reduce dose by at least 50% if ketamine used as premedication
  25 mg/kg IV to effect67  
Thiopentone — See thiopental
Tiletamine/zolazepam (Telazol, Fort Dodge) 1-2.5 mg/kg IM3 New World primates
1.5-3 mg/kg IM16 Macaques
  3-5 mg/kg IM82,123 Great apes/gorillas can experience severe ataxia during the recovery period, putting them at serious risk of injury55
  4-6 mg/kg IM23 Macaques, baboons, patas monkeys/chemical restraint 45, 60, and 100 min respectively; marked hypothermia reported88
Tramadol 1-2 mg/kg SC, IV34 Duration of action uncertain
  2 mg/kg PO q12h34  
Tubocurarine 0.09 mg/kg IV50 Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent; requires assisted ventilation; use with caution
Vecuronium (Norcuron, Organon) 0.04-0.06 mg/kg IV111 Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent; requires assisted ventilation; has no hemodynamic effects
Xylazine — See ketamine for combination
  0.5 mg/kg IM,3 IV109 Light to moderate sedation; some analgesia
  1.1 mg/kg IV3 Chimpanzees
  2.2 mg kg IM3 Chimpanzees
Yohimbine 0.5 mg/kg IV or 1 mg/kg IM111 Xylazine reversal

a Medetomidine is no longer commercially available although it can be obtained from select compounding services (i.e., Diamondback Drugs, www.diamondbackdrugs.com; Wildlife Pharmaceuticals, www.wildpharm.com); dosages are listed here as a guide for possible use with dexmedetomidine, an α2 agonist that is the active optical enantiomer of racemic compound medetomidine; dexmedetomidine is used at ½ the dose of medetomidine but the same volume due to higher concentration; although the same effects would be expected as with medetomidine, there is limited data on the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine in primates; the effects of the v/v use of the two drugs may not be equivalent, so the dose of dexmedetomidine may need to be adjusted based on clinical response.



TABLE 12-4 Miscellaneous Agents Used in Primates.
























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Agent Dosage Species/Comments
Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst, Apothecon) 50-60 mL/h via nebulization × 30-60 min q12h67 Mucolytic
Aminophylline 10 mg/kg IV29 Lemurs/bronchodilation
  25-100 mg/animal PO q12h67 Bronchodilation
Atropine sulfate 0.02-0.05 mg/kg SC, IM, IV109 Anticholinergic; reduces secretions; prevents bradycardia
Azathioprine 1-2 mg/kg PO q24h3 Immunosuppressive agent; purine antagonist
Bismuth subsalicylate — Intestinal protectant; gastrointestinal ulcers
  10 mg/kg PO q12h25  
  17.5 mg/kg PO q6-8h65  
  40 mg/kg PO q8-12h3  
Calcium chloride 10-20 mg/kg IV (slow)118 Emergency treatment for hypocalcemia (monitor heart rate closely); cardiotonic; reverses aminoglycoside-induced shock
Calcium gluconate 200 mg/kg SC, IM, IV118 Hypocalcemia; hyperkalemia; prophylaxis and therapy of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
Captopril 1 mg/kg PO118 Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor; vasodilator
Chlorpheniramine 0.5 mg/kg q24h PO, in divided doses67 Antihistamine; H1 receptor antagonist
Chlorpromazine 1-3 mg/kg IM95 Antiemetic
Cimetidine 10 mg/kg PO,3 SC, IM q8h14 H2 receptor antagonist; gastrointestinal ulceration
Cisapride (Propulsid, Janssen) 0.2 mg/kg PO q12h57 Macaques/promotes gastrointestinal motility; limited availability in the United States; can be compounded
Dexamethasone 0.25-1 mg/kg PO, IM95 Antiinflammatory
  ≤2 mg/kg PO, IM, IV67 Antiinflammatory
Digoxin 2-12 μg/kg IM, IV divided q12-24h3 Maintenance
Dimercapto-succinic acid (DMSA) (Chemet, McNeil) 10 mg/kg PO q8h × 5 days, then q12h × 14 days149 Chimpanzees/lead chelation
Diphenhydramine 5 mg/kg IM29 Lemurs/antihistamine
  5 mg/kg/day PO, IM, IV q6-8h3  
  25-50 mg/animal PO, IM, IV q6-8h3 Chimpanzees (adults)
Diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil, Searle) 1 mL/animal PO q8h52 Opiate; antidiarrheal
Dobutamine 2-10 μg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion109 Adrenergic β1 agonist; increases cardiac output
Dopamine 2-5 μg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion109 Low to moderate doses result in cardiac stimulation (positive inotropic effects) and renal and mesenteric vasodilation; augments cardiac contractility and increases renal perfusion and urinary output
  10 μg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion36 High doses result in increased peripheral resistance and renal vasoconstriction; bradycardia after cardiac arrest
Doxapram 2 mg/kg IV32 Respiratory stimulant
Enalapril (Enacard, Merck) 0.015-0.125 mg/kg PO q12-24h97 Western lowland gorillas/antihypertensive
  0.3 mg/kg PO, IV118 Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor; balanced vasodilator
Ephedrine 1.25-2.5 mg/kg IV36,109 Macaques, baboons/vasopressor; hypotension accompanied by bradycardia
  12 mg/kg PO q4h67 Nasal congestion; bronchoconstriction
Epinephrine 0.2-0.4 mg/kg diluted in 5 mL sterile water, IT36 if ≥3 kg Cardiac arrest
  0.5-1 mL IV36 1:10,000 dilution
Erythropoietin, recombinant 50-100 U/kg SC, IV 3×/wk3 Treatment of non-regenerative anemia
Famotidine (Pepcid, Merck) 0.5-0.8 mg/kg PO q24h99 Mild gastroenteritis; gastrointestinal ulcers
Flavored drink, cherry (Koolaid) PO prn35 Mix with medication to enhance flavor; mix at 4× normal concentration
Flavored drink, grape (Syrpalta, Emerson) PO prn103 Mix as needed to flavor liquid medications and crushed tablets
Flavored drink, orange (Tang) PO prn18,35 Add electrolyte salts to provide an oral hydration solution
Fluoxetine (Prozac, Eli Lilly) 0.45 mg/kg PO q24h138 Antianxiety
2 mg/kg PO or nasogastric intubation q24h81 Rhesus macaques (juveniles)
Folic acid 0.04-0.2 mg/kg PO q24h65 Supplement during pyrimethamine therapy
Furosemide 1-2 mg/kg IV36,134 Diuresis; heart failure; pulmonary edema
  1-4 mg/kg IV3 Loop diuretic
  2 mg/kg PO67  
  2-4 mg/kg IM q8h3  
  2-4 mg/kg PO q12-24h134 Owl monkeys
Glipizide (Glucotrol, Pfizer) 1.1 mg/kg PO q24h42 Titi monkeys/anti-hyperglycemic sulfonylurea; non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Glycopyrrolate 0.005-0.01 mg/kg IM109 Anticholinergic
Guanfacine — Self-injurious behavior; decreases agitation without profound sedation
  0.3 mg/kg PO, IM q12h × 5-10 days, followed by gradual reduction to 0.15 mg/kg q24h over 30 days90 Baboons
  0.5 mg/kg PO, IM q12h × 5-10 days, followed by gradual reduction to 0.25 mg/kg q24h over 30 days90 Macaques
Haloperidol (Haldol, McNeil) 0.03-0.05 mg/kg IM q12h18 Macaques/self-injurious behavior
0.5-2 mg/kg IM118 Vervets, green monkeys/antianxiety
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 250 U IM118 Squirrel monkeys/induced ovulation in 40% of the monkeys
Hydrocodone bitartrate 5 mg/animal PO q4-6h3 Chimpanzees (adults)
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate 5 mg/animal IM, IV q12h3 Chimpanzees (adults)
Insulin, NPH 0.25-0.5 U/kg/day SC starting dose65 Diabetes mellitus; diabetic ketoacidosis
  1.25 U/animal q12h IM139 Macaques/use combination of short-acting and longer acting insulin (70:30); dose is highly variable (depending on individual, phase of disease, and concurrent medical conditions) and should be adjusted according to standard guidelines
Isoproterenol 0.01-0.03 μg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion106 Nonselective β-adrenergic agonist
  0.05-2 μg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion3  
Kaolin/pectin 0.5-1 mL/kg PO q2-6h61 Intestinal protectant
Leuprolide 0.3 mg/kg IM q4wk3  
Levothyroxine 0.01 mg/kg PO q12h79 Hypothyroidism
  0.05 mg/animal PO q24h78 Gorillas/hypothyroidism; after initial dosing, institute incremental changes of 0.025 mg q24h at 30-day intervals up to 0.1 mg q24h; monitor TSH and T4 q6-8wk
Lidocaine 20-50 ug/kg/min IV constant rate infusion109 Ventricular arrthymias; premature ventricular contractions
  1-2 mg/kg IV bolus36  
Loperamide 0.04 mg/kg PO q8h3  
Mannitol (25%) 0.25-1 g/kg IV bolus over 20 min18 Osmotic diuresis; reduces intracranial pressure
Medroxyprogesterone acetate — Contraceptive
5-10 mg/animal PO q24h × 5-10 days3
  150 mg/animal IM q3mo3 Chimpanzees
Metoclopramide 0.2-0.5 mg/kg IM q8-24h3 Antiemetic; stimulates motility of upper gastrointestinal tract
Nitroprusside 1-4 μg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion109 Vasodilator; antihypertensive
Norepinephrine 0.05-0.1 μg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion36 Hypotension
Omeprazole 0.4 mg/kg PO q12h25 Macaques/gastric acid suppressant; proton pump inhibitor; use as part of quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection
Ondansetron 1-2 mg/kg PO × 2 doses; prior and after radiation treatment94 Macaques/antiemetic
Oxytocin 0.5-1 U/min IV constant rate infusion3 Chimpanzees
  2 U/animal IM18 Macaques/induction of late term abortion (open cervix); repeat q2h maximum 3 treatments; monitor dam closely; provide concurrent analgesia; expulsion of retained placenta (within 12-24 hr); uterine inertia
  5-20 U/animal IM, IV95 Uterine inertia
  5-30 U/animal SC, IV prn3 Chimpanzees
Paroxetine (Paxil, SmithKline Beecham) 0.3 mg/kg PO q12h138 Antianxiety
PGF2 alpha 1 mg/kg IM q24h3 Soften cervix prior to chemically inducing labor
Phenobarbital 0.6 mg/kg PO q24h69 Prosimians/anticonvulsant
Phenylephrine 1-2 μg/kg IV bolus, followed by 0.5-1 μg/kg/min IV constant rate infusion36,109 Hypotension
Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine, Winthrop) Intranasal q6h64 Nasal congestion
Phenytoin 2.5 mg/kg PO q12h, increase3 Cardiac antiarrhythmic
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (Adequan, Luitpold Pharmaceuticals) 2 mg/kg IM q3-5d × 2-3 mo3 Proteolytic enzyme inhibitor used for noninfectious degenerative and/or traumatic arthritis
Prednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Delta Cortef, Upjohn) 1-15 mg/kg IV95 All species/shock
10 mg/kg IV29 Lemurs/shock
Prednisone 0.5-1 mg/kg PO q12h × 3-5 days, then q24h × 3-5 days, then q48h × 10 days, then ½ dose q48h61,65 Lower doses for pain, inflammation; higher doses for autoimmune, inflammatory bowel disease, etc.
  0.5-2 mg/kg PO3  
Prochlorperazine 0.12 mg/kg IM, IV3 Antiemetic
Protamine 1 mg/80 U heparin IV109 Administer slowly to avoid profound hypotension
  4 mg/kg IV48 1 mg protamine will neutralize 115 U porcine intestine or 90 U beef lung heparin; may cause hypotension, bradycardia, dyspnea, anaphylaxis; monitor activated partial thromboplastin time and activated clotting time
Pyridoxine 3.5 mg/kg in feed54 Supplement during isoniazid therapy
Ranitidine 0.5 mg/kg PO q12h18 Anti-ulcerogenic; H2 receptor antagonist
Sucralfate 0.5 g/animal PO; maintenance q12h, active ulcer q6h × 4-6 wk3 Most species/prevent or treat gastric ulcers
Sulfasalazine See Table 12-1 Antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties
Tolbutamine 250 mg/animal q24h, then 100 mg/animal q48h49,139 Capuchin monkeys/oral hypoglycemic agent; non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Triamcinolone 0.2-2 mg/kg IM q3d prn105  
Trimeprazine (Temaril P, Pfizer) 1-2 mg/kg PO q6h67 Antihistamine
Tryptophan 100 mg/animal PO q12h141 Macaques/self-injurious behavior; add to flavored commercial primate treat
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) — Vitamin C deficiency
4-10 mg/kg PO q24h65
  4-25 mg/kg PO q24h3 Chimpanzees
  25 mg/kg IM q12h × 5 days114 Macaques
  30 mg/kg IM q24h3  
  30-100 mg/kg PO q24h27 Macaques (young)
Vitamin D3 20 U/kg PO q24h3 Chimpanzees
  250 U/animal PO q24h135 Marmosets/daily requirement for animals housed in indoor exhibits without access to ultraviolet light
  2000 U/kg in feed q24h65  
  5000 U ergocalciferol depot (sesame oil) IM once at age 4 mo and ergocalciferol 400 U PO q24h from age 4 mo until weaning71 Chimpanzees (infants), orangutans (infants)/prevention of rickets; monitor clinical signs, radiographic signs, and serum levels of 25(OH) vitamin D3
  5000 U ergocalciferol depot IM once and ergocalciferol 400 U PO q24h until resolution of clinical and radiographic abnormalities71 Chimpanzees (infants), orangutans (infants)/treatment of rickets; monitor clinical signs, radiographic signs, and serum levels of 25(OH) vitamin D3
Vitamin E (E)/selenium (S) (E) 3.75 U/kg + (S) 1.15 mg/kg IM q3d × 30 days120 (E)/(S) responsive myopathy, neuropathy
Vitamin K1 1 mg/kg PO, IM q8h3 Chimpanzees
  1-5 mg/animal IM q24h3  
Zinc 2.5 μg/animal PO q24h × 3 days3  



TABLE 12-5 Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values of Primates.65

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Aug 21, 2016 | Posted by in EXOTIC, WILD, ZOO | Comments Off on Primates

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