Figure 401 Line drawing of photograph representing radiographic positioning for Figure 400.
Figure 402 Lateral projection of pharynx and larynx.
A Mandibles
1 Angular processes
B Temporomandibular joints
C Tympanic bullae
D Occipital condyle
E Atlas
F Axis
G 3rd cervical vertebra
H Stylohyoid bones
I Epihyoid bones
J Ceratohyoid bones
K Basihyoid bone
L Thyrohyoid bones
2 Soft palate
3 Epiglottis
4 Arytenoid cartilage
4(a) Cuneiform process
4(b) Corniculate process
5 Thyroid cartilage. (Some mineralisation of cartilage is present at ventral aspect, 5(a).)
6 Cricoid cartilage. (Some mineralisation of cartilage is seen especially at dorsal aspect, 6(a).)
Mineralisation of laryngeal cartilages is a normal ageing process in the dog but can be present as early as 6–12 months of age. The mineralisation pattern and opacity vary between the different cartilages and individual dogs. As in this dog, thyroid and cricoid cartilages are the most commonly affected and opacity will increase with age.
7 Tracheal cartilages
8 Tracheal lumen
9 Lateral ventricle of larynx
10 Nasopharynx
11 Oropharynx
12 Laryngopharynx
13 Laryngeal vestibule
14 Laryngeal glottis
15 Infraglottic cavity
16 Thyro- and cricopharyngeal muscles obliterating the lumen of laryngopharynx dorsal to the arytenoid and cricoid cartilage regions
17 Oesophageal lumen
Figure 403 Drawing of lateral projection of pharynx and larynx to provide guidance on normal sizes of retropharyngeal space and trachea.
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