O
Oral Ulcers
Comparison of Ulcerative Lesions in Oral Cavities of Dogs and Cats
| Cause | Species | Lesion Location |
|---|---|---|
| Excessive licking (eosinophilic ulcer) | C | Upper incisor or carnassial area of lip, near philtrum, roof of mouth (hard palate) |
| Autoimmune diseases, bullous pemphigoid | D | Roof of mouth, lips, cheeks, often symmetric; other mucocutaneous regions, footpads |
| Irritants, uremia | B | Tip of tongue |
| Viral (parvoviral), rickettsial (RMSF) | D | Multifocal lingual |
| Maltese terrier stomatitis | D | Ulcerative lesions, lateral tongue, and buccal mucosa |
| Dental tartar, periodontal disease | B | Periodontal regions (gingival margins) |
| Herpesvirus | C | Tongue, palate, multifocal |
| Calicivirus | C | Acute: tongue, palate, multifocal |
| Chronic: fauces (glossopharyngeal reflection, upper last molar region), occasionally extends rostrally, occasionally roof of mouth (hard palate) | ||
| Immunosuppression; hyperadrenocorticism, leukopenia, FeLV, FIV, Abyssinian, Persian | B | Periodontal region, may spread to gums and cheeks |
| Electrocution | C | Tongue, often in linear pattern (electrical cord bite) |
B, Both cat and dog; C, cats; D, dogs; FeLV, feline leukemia virus; FIV, feline immunodeficiency virus; RMSF, Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Modified with permission from Greene C: Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Saunders, p 888.
Orbital Disorders
| Type of Disorder | Condition | Clinical Signs |
|---|---|---|
| Developmental abnormalities | Shallow orbit (brachycephalic breeds) | Exophthalmos, exposure keratitis, corneal ulceration, pigmentation |
| Microphthalmos, anophthalmia | Small or absent globe, narrow palpebral fissure, prominent third eyelid, epiphora, blindness | |
| Hydrocephalus with orbital malformation | Exotropia, hypotropia, poor vision | |
| Euryblepharon | Long palpebral fissure resulting in apparent exophthalmos | |
| Orbital arteriovenous malformation or venous varices | Exophthalmos may be pulsatile, sometimes varies with position of varices; fremitus, pulse detectable; arteriovenous malformation has audible bruit | |
| Trauma | Hemorrhages | Subconjunctival and episcleral hemorrhages; retrobulbar hemorrhage with exophthalmos or proptosis |
| Penetrating foreign bodies (e.g., grass awns, needles, from mouth) | Discharging sinus fluid through the conjunctiva, periocular skin, buccal mucosa; exophthalmos, periorbital swelling, pain on opening of mouth | |
| Orbital fractures | Pain, crepitus; skin abrasions, displacement of globe | |
| Acquired vascular shunts | Pulsatile exophthalmos, may vary with position; audible bruit, fremitus | |
| Infections | Bacterial, fungal | Ocular discharge usually secondary to penetrating foreign bodies from conjunctiva or oral cavity; sinusitis, rhinitis, or infections of roots of teeth |
| Parasites (Dirofilaria immitis; Pneumonyssoides caninum) | Granulomatous lesions due to wandering larvae (Dirofilaria [rare]) or extension of infection from nasal cavity (Pneumonyssoides) | |
| Neoplasia | Primary orbital neoplasms and neoplasia extending from adjacent area: sarcoma, meningioma, adenocarcinoma from orbital glands or nasal cavity, lymphosarcoma in cats | Exophthalmos, exposure keratitis, strabismus, displacement of globe, usually not painful; possible nasal or neurologic signs |
| Metastatic: includes lymphosarcoma | Localized signs as already listed; possible systemic signs | |
| Miscellaneous conditions | Zygomatic mucocele/sialocele | Exophthalmos, strabismus, swelling in any part of orbit or behind upper last molar tooth |
| Infections of roots of teeth (especially carnassial) | Discharging fistula beneath eye in dogs | |
| Dehydration | Enophthalmos, protrusion of third eyelid | |
| Masticatory myositis | Exophthalmos, pain with dysphagia in acute stage; enophthalmos potentiated by opening of mouth in chronic stage when temporal muscles have atrophied | |
| Extraocular polymyositis | Exophthalmos, often bilateral, may be accentuated with exercise and stress | |
| Horner’s syndrome | Enophthalmos, miosis, ptosis, protrusion of nictitating membrane, dermal vasodilation, local hypothermia |
From Maggs DJ, Miller PE, Ofri R: Slatter’s fundamentals of veterinary ophthalmology, ed 4, St Louis, 2008, Saunders, p 362.
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