E
Edema
| Cause | Contributing Factor | Specific Clinical Syndromes |
|---|---|---|
| Increased hydrostatic pressure | Impaired venous return | Congestive heart failure (CHF) |
| Pericardial disease (pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, pericardial cyst or neoplasm) | ||
| Portal hypertension | ||
| Venous obstruction or compression (thrombosis, external pressure, extremity inactivity) | ||
| Small-caliber arteriolar dilation | Heat | |
| Neurohumoral dysregulation | ||
| Reduced plasma oncotic pressure | Hypoproteinemia | Protein losing nephropathy (amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis) |
| Synthetic failure (chronic liver disease) | ||
| Malnutrition | ||
| Protein-losing gastroenteropathy | ||
| Lymphatic obstruction | Decreased lymphatic drainage of interstitium | Various inflammatory conditions |
| Congenital (lymphedema) | ||
| Neoplastic | ||
| Postsurgical | ||
| Postirradiation | ||
| Sodium retention | Excess dietary intake with renal insufficiency | |
| Increased tubular sodium resorption | Renal hypoperfusion | |
| Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone secretion | ||
| Inflammation | Acute inflammation | |
| Chronic inflammation | ||
| Angiogenesis |
Modified from Mitchell RN, Cotran RS: Hemodynamic disorders, thrombosis, and shock. In Cotran RS, et al, editors: Robbins pathologic basis of disease, ed 6, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders.
Effusions, Bicavitary*
Conditions Associated With Bicavitary Effusions
Modified from Willard M, Tvedten H: Small animal clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods, ed 4, St Louis, 2004, Saunders.
Cardiovascular conditions
Pericardial effusion of any cause (neoplastic, idiopathic, toxic [anticoagulant], other) causing cardiac tamponade
Right-sided congestive failure: dilated cardiomyopathy, tricuspid regurgitation of any cause (tricuspid dysplasia, myxomatous tricuspid valve disease/endocardiosis, other), severe pulmonic stenosis, cor pulmonale of any cause (heartworm disease/caval syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, other), tricuspid valve stenosis
Hypoalbuminemia: protein-losing nephropathy, protein-losing enteropathy, advanced hepatic disease, pancreatitis, extensive burns
