4 Alteration in mental state – an introduction
INTRODUCTION
RESPIRATORY PATTERN
Inspiratory respiratory muscles
• Diaphragm: accounts for most of thoracic volume change during quiet inspiration. Innervated by the phrenic nerve which originates from cord segments and nerve roots C5–7, found at vertebral level C4–C6
Expiratory respiratory muscles
• Used in forced expiration. The internal intercostals muscles and the abdominal muscles contract the rib cage caudally, decreasing intrathoracic volume. Intra-abdominal pressure is increased, pushing the diaphragm cranially.
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