A. Results in accumulation of nitrogenous wastes

B. Fluid imbalances

C. Electrolyte imbalances

A. Elevation in blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

B. Serum creatinine elevation (Cr)

C. Collectively known as azotemia

A. Most common cause of azotemia in horses is hemodynamic causes such as dehydration

B. Additional causes are acute tubular necrosis (ATN) due to renal toxins

C. Progression of prerenal-induced ischemic tubular damage

D. Reversible if treated appropriately

A. Acute enteritis: Diarrhea is the clinical sign

B. Colic: Abdominal pain is the clinical sign

C. Prolonged exercise: Exhaustion is the clinical sign

D. Acute blood loss: Pale mucous membranes are a clinical sign

E. Cardiac insufficiency: Weakness and pale membranes are clinical signs

A. Replacement of plasma volume will correct prerenal azotemia

B. ATN plus prerenal azotemia: Will often result in pulmonary edema or peripheral edema once fluids have been replaced

A. Tubular obstruction by sloughed cellular debris (Tamm Horsefall mucoproteins or heme proteins)

B. Back leak of the glomerular filtration through the damaged tubular cells

C. Primary reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) through reflex shunting arteriolar circulation away from obstructed nephrons or glomerular capillary permeability decreasing through swelling or mesangial contraction