PART TWO Section I Cardiopulmonary Disorders Section II Dermatologic Disorders Section III Endocrinologic and Metabolic Disorders Section IV Gastroenterologic Disorders Section V Hematologic Disorders Section VI Immunologic and Immune-Mediated Disorders Section VII Infectious Disease Section VIII Joint and Bone Disorders Section IX Liver and Exocrine Pancreatic Disorders Section XI Neurologic and Neuromuscular Disorders Section XIV Urogenital Disorders Cardiopulmonary Disorders Protein concentration is greater than 2.5 g/dL Nucleated cell count ranges from 400 to 10,000/μL Predominant cell type on cytology is the small lymphocyte (also see neutrophils, macrophages, plasma cells, and mesothelial cells) Triglyceride concentration of pleural fluid is greater than that of serum (definitive test) New York Heart Association Functional Classification: Class I: Heart disease present, but no evidence of heart failure or exercise intolerance; cardiomegaly minimal to absent Class II: Signs of heart disease with evidence of exercise intolerance; radiographic cardiomegaly present Class III: Signs of heart failure with normal activity or signs at night (e.g., cough, orthopnea); radiographic signs of significant cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema or pleural/abdominal effusion Class IV: Severe heart failure with clinical signs at rest or with minimal activity; marked radiographic signs of congestive heart failure (CHF) and cardiomegaly Antigen Test Positive and Modified Knott’s or Filter Test Negative: • Viral pneumonia (canine influenza, canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, canine parainfluenza, feline calicivirus, feline infectious peritonitis, pneumonia secondary to feline leukemia virus or feline immunodeficiency virus) • Protozoal pneumonia (toxoplasmosis) • Fungal pneumonia (blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis) • Rickettsial disease (Rickettsia rickettsii, Ehrlichia spp.) Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophils Eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis Pulmonary neoplasia (primary, metastatic, lymphosarcoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, malignant histiocytosis) Acute respiratory distress syndrome Pickwickian syndrome (obesity) Differential Diagnosis of Lesions Associated with Focal Mediastinal Enlargement Mediastinitis (Histoplasma, Cryptococcus, Actinomyces, Nocardia, Spirocerca spp.) Nonneoplastic mediastinal masses (fungal pyogranulomas, abscesses, granulomas, lymphadenopathy, hematomas) Mediastinal neoplasia (lymphosarcoma) Esophageal mass, foreign body, or dilatation Vascular mass (aorta, cranial vena cava) Main pulmonary artery mass (poststenotic dilatation) Gastroesophageal intussusception Viral myocarditis (acute viral infections, e.g., parvovirus) Bacterial myocarditis (secondary to bacteremia from infections elsewhere in body) Lyme disease: Borrelia burgdorferi Protozoal myocarditis (Trypanosoma cruzi [Chagas disease], Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Babesia canis, Hepatozoon canis) Fungal myocarditis (rare, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Paecilomyces spp.) Rickettsial myocarditis (rare, Rickettsia rickettsii, Ehrlichia canis, Bartonella spp.) Algae-like organisms (rare, Prototheca spp.)
Systemic Approach to Differential Diagnosis
Arrhythmias
Arterial Thromboembolism
Aspiration Pneumonia
Atrioventricular Valve Disease, Chronic (Mitral or Tricuspid Valve)
Cardiomegaly
Chylothorax
Congenital Heart Disease
Heart Failure
Severity
Heartworm Disease
Physical Findings
Diagnosis in Dogs
Hypertension
Potential Clinical Signs
Radiographic Signs
Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Disease
Lower Respiratory Tract Disease
Disorders of Trachea and Bronchi
Disorders of Pulmonary Parenchyma
Mediastinal Disease
Myocardial Diseases
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
